REFERENCES
1. Fitzmaurice C, Akinyemiju TF, Al Lami FH, Alam T, Alizadeh-Navaei R, et al. Global, regional, and national cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years for 29 cancer groups, 1990 to 2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study. JAMA Oncol 2018; doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2706.
2. Al-Foheidi M, Al-Mansour MM, Ibrahim EM. Breast cancer screening: review of benefits and harms, and recommendations for developing and low-income countries. Med Oncol 2013;30:471.
3. Gyawali B, Shimokata T, Honda K, Tsukuura H, Ando Y. Should low-income countries invest in breast cancer screening? Cancer Causes Control 2016;27:1341-5.
4. Lee M, Mariapun S, Rajaram N, Teo SH, Yip CH. Performance of a subsidised mammographic screening programme in Malaysia, a middle-income Asian country. BMC Public Health 2017;17:127.
5. Rivera-Franco MM, Leon-Rodriguez E. Delays in breast cancer detection and treatment in developing countries. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2018;12:1178223417752677.
6. Dai X, Li T, Bai Z, Yang Y, Liu X, et al. Breast cancer intrinsic subtype classification, clinical use and future trends. Am J Cancer Res 2015;5:2929-43.
7. Lammert J, Grill S, Kiechle M. Modifiable lifestyle factors: opportunities for (hereditary) breast cancer prevention - a narrative review. Breast Care (Basel) 2018;13:109-14.
8. Turkoz FP, Solak M, Petekkaya I, Keskin O, Kertmen N, et al. Association between common risk factors and molecular subtypes in breast cancer patients. Breast 2013;22:344-50.
9. Li J, Chen Z, Su K, Zeng J. Clinicopathological classification and traditional prognostic indicators of breast cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8:8500-5.
10. Hammond ME. ASCO-CAP guidelines for breast predictive factor testing: an update. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2011;19:499-500.
11. Advani PP, Crozier JA, Perez EA. HER2 testing and its predictive utility in anti-HER2 breast cancer therapy. Biomark Med 2015;9:35-49.
12. Bandyopadhyay S, Bluth MH, Ali-Fehmi R. Breast carcinoma: updates in molecular profiling 2018. Clin Lab Med 2018;38:401-20.
13. Perou CM, Sørlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000;406:747-52.
14. Gusterson B, Eaves CJ. Basal-like breast cancers: from pathology to biology and back again. Stem Cell Reports 2018;10:1676-86.
15. Iancu G, Vasile D, Iancu RC, DaviŢoiu DV. “Triple positive” breast cancer - a novel category? Rom J Morphol Embryol 2017;58:21-6.
16. Fan C, Oh DS, Wessels L, Weigelt B, Nuyten DS, et al. Concordance among gene-expression-based predictors for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:560-9.
17. Li Z, Qiu Y, Lu W, Jiang Y, Wang J. Immunotherapeutic interventions of triple negative breast cancer. J Transl Med 2018;16:147.
18. Jitariu AA, Cîmpean AM, Ribatti D, Raica M. Triple negative breast cancer: the kiss of death. Oncotarget 2017;8:46652-62.
19. Yousefi M, Nosrati R, Salmaninejad A, Dehghani S, Shahryari A, et al. Organ-specific metastasis of breast cancer: molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying lung metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018;41:123-40.
20. Wu SG, Li H, Tang LY, Sun JY, Zhang WW, et al. The effect of distant metastases sites on survival in de novo stage-IV breast cancer: a SEER database analysis. Tumour Biol 2017;39:1010428317705082.
21. Appierto V, Di Cosimo S, Reduzzi C, Pala V, Cappelletti V, et al. How to study and overcome tumor heterogeneity with circulating biomarkers: the breast cancer case. Semin Cancer Biol 2017;44:106-16.
22. Masuda T, Hayashi N, Iguchi T, Ito S, Eguchi H, et al. Clinical and biological significance of circulating tumor cells in cancer. Mol Oncol 2016;10:408-17.
23. Lianidou ES, Strati A, Markou A. Circulating tumor cells as promising novel biomarkers in solid cancers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014;51:160-71.
24. Hiller JG, Perry NJ, Poulogiannis G, Riedel B, Sloan EK. Perioperative events influence cancer recurrence risk after surgery. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2018;15:205-18.
25. Bidard FC, Peeters DJ, Fehm T, Nolé F, Gisbert-Criado R, et al. Clinical validity of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:406-14.
26. Bidard FC, Michiels S, Riethdorf S, Mueller V, Esserman LJ, et al. Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer patients treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018;110:560-7.
27. Cabel L, Proudhon C, Gortais H, Loirat D, Coussy F, et al. Circulating tumor cells: clinical validity and utility. Int J Clin Oncol 2017;22:421-30.
28. Tungsukruthai S, Petpiroon N, Chanvorachote P. Molecular mechanisms of breast cancer metastasis and potential anti-metastatic compounds. Anticancer Res 2018;38:2607-18.
29. Micalizzi DS, Maheswaran S, Haber DA. A conduit to metastasis: circulating tumor cell biology. Genes Dev 2017;31:1827-40.
30. Scully OJ, Bay BH, Yip G, Yu Y. Breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2012;9:311-20.
31. Dasgupta A, Lim AR, Ghajar CM. Circulating and disseminated tumor cells: harbingers or initiators of metastasis? Mol Oncol 2017;11:40-61.
32. Krawczyk N, Meier-Stiegen F, Banys M, Neubauer H, Ruckhaeberle E, et al. Expression of stem cell and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in circulating tumor cells of breast cancer patients. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:415721.
33. Goodman CR, Seagle BL, Friedl TWP, Rack B, Lato K, et al. Association of circulating tumor cell status with benefit of radiotherapy and survival in early-stage breast cancer. JAMA Oncol 2018;4:e180163.
34. Giuliano M, Shaikh A, Lo HC, Arpino G, De Placido S, et al. Perspective on circulating tumor cell clusters: why it takes a village to metastasize. Cancer Res 2018;78:845-52.
35. Rossi G, Mu Z, Rademaker AW, Austin LK, Strickland KS, et al. Cell-free DNA and circulating tumor cells: comprehensive liquid biopsy analysis in advanced breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018;24:560-8.
36. Wang C, Mu Z, Chervoneva I, Austin L, Ye Z, et al. Longitudinally collected CTCs and CTC-clusters and clinical outcomes of metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017;161:83-94.
37. Mu Z, Benali-Furet N, Uzan G, Znaty A, Ye Z, et al. Detection and characterization of circulating tumor associated cells in metastatic breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016;17:E1665.
38. Dawood S, Cristofanilli M. Using circulating tumor cells to guide therapy in breast cancer: could this replace biopsies? Pharmacogenomics 2015;16:669-72.
39. Giuliano M, Giordano A, Jackson S, De Giorgi U, Mego M, et al. Circulating tumor cells as early predictors of metastatic spread in breast cancer patients with limited metastatic dissemination. Breast Cancer Res 2014;16:440.
40. Cristofanilli M. Circulating tumour cells: telling the truth about metastasis. Lancet Oncol 2014;15:365-6.
41. Jiang ZF, Cristofanilli M, Shao ZM, Tong ZS, Song EW, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict progression-free and overall survival in Chinese patients with metastatic breast cancer, HER2-positive or triple-negative (CBCSG004): a multicenter, double-blind, prospective trial. Ann Oncol 2013;24:2766-72.
42. Cristofanilli M, Fortina P. Circulating tumor DNA to monitor metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;369:93.
43. Dong X, Alpaugh KR, Cristofanilli M. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in breast cancer: a diagnostic tool for prognosis and molecular analysis. Chin J Cancer Res 2012;24:388-98.
44. Giuliano AE, Edge SB, Hortobagyi GN. Eighth Edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018;25:1783-5.
45. Stone RC, Pastar I, Ojeh N, Chen V, Liu S, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tissue repair and fibrosis. Cell Tissue Res 2016;365:495-506.
46. Forte E, Chimenti I, Rosa P, Angelini F, Pagano F, et al. EMT/MET at the crossroad of stemness, regeneration and oncogenesis: the Ying-Yang equilibrium recapitulated in cell spheroids. Cancers (Basel) 2017;9:E98.
48. Kalluri R, Weinberg RA. The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Clin Invest 2009;119:1420-8.
49. Gos M, Miłoszewska J, Przybyszewska M. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer progression. Postepy Biochem 2009;55:121-8.
50. Tiwari N, Gheldof A, Tatari M, Christofori G. EMT as the ultimate survival mechanism of cancer cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2012;22:194-207.
51. Lowes LE, Allan AL. Circulating tumor cells and implications of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Adv Clin Chem 2018;83:121-81.
52. Xu J, Lamouille S, Derynck R. TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Cell Res 2009;19:156-72.
53. Derynck R, Muthusamy BP, Saeteurn KY. Signaling pathway cooperation in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2014;31:56-66.
54. Petrova YI, Schecterson L, Gumbiner BM. Roles for E-cadherin cell surface regulation in cancer. Mol Biol Cell 2016;27:3233-44.
55. Phillips S, Kuperwasser C. SLUG: critical regulator of epithelial cell identity in breast development and cancer. Cell Adh Migr 2014;8:578-87.
56. Micalizzi DS, Farabaugh SM, Ford HL. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer: parallels between normal development and tumor progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010;15:117-34.
57. Sánchez-Tilló E, Liu Y, de Barrios O, Siles L, Fanlo L, et al. EMT-activating transcription factors in cancer: beyond EMT and tumor invasiveness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012;69:3429-56.
58. Godde NJ, Galea RC, Elsum IA, Humbert PO. Cell polarity in motion: redefining mammary tissue organization through EMT and cell polarity transitions. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010;15:149-68.
59. Gloushankova NA, Rubtsova SN, Zhitnyak IY. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell interactions in normal and cancer cells. Tissue Barriers 2017;5:e1356900.
60. Lustberg MB, Balasubramanian P, Miller B, Garcia-Villa A, Deighan C, et al. Heterogeneous atypical cell populations are present in blood of metastatic breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res 2014;16:R23.
61. Bredemeier M, Edimiris P, Mach P, Kubista M, Sjöback R, et al. Gene Expression Signatures in Circulating Tumor Cells Correlate with Response to Therapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Chem 2017;63:1585-93.
62. Ušiaková Z, Mikulová V, Pintérová D, Brychta M, Valchář J, et al. Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer: monitoring chemotherapy success. In Vivo 2014;28:605-14.
63. Yan WT, Cui X, Chen Q, Li YF, Cui YH, et al. Circulating tumor cell status monitors the treatment responses in breast cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017;7:43464.
64. Hensler M, Vančurová I, Becht E, Palata O, Strnad P, et al. Gene expression profiling of circulating tumor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from breast cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2016;5:e1102827.
65. Markiewicz A, Książkiewicz M, Wełnicka-Jaśkiewicz M, Seroczyńska B, Skokowski J, et al. Mesenchymal phenotype of CTC-enriched blood fraction and lymph node metastasis formation potential. PLoS One 2014;9:e93901.
66. Lasa A, Garcia A, Alonso C, Millet P, Cornet M, et al. Molecular detection of peripheral blood breast cancer mRNA transcripts as a surrogate biomarker for circulating tumor cells. PLoS One 2013;8:e74079.
67. Molloy TJ, Devriese LA, Helgason HH, Bosma AJ, Hauptmann M, et al. A multimarker QPCR-based platform for the detection of circulating tumour cells in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2011;104:1913-9.
68. Obermayr E, Sanchez-Cabo F, Tea MK, Singer CF, Krainer M, et al. Assessment of a six gene panel for the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of female cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2010;10:666.
69. Christiansen JJ, Rajasekaran AK. Reassessing epithelial to mesenchymal transition as a prerequisite for carcinoma invasion and metastasis. Cancer Res 2006;66:8319-26.
70. Fischer KR, Durrans A, Lee S, Sheng J, Li F, et al. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is not required for lung metastasis but contributes to chemoresistance. Nature 2015;527:472-6.
71. Bhatia S, Monkman J, Toh AKL, Nagaraj SH, Thompson EW. Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity in cancer: clinical and preclinical advances in therapy and monitoring. Biochem J 2017;474:3269-306.
72. Barriere G, Fici P, Gallerani G, Fabbri F, Zoli W, et al. Circulating tumor cells and epithelial, mesenchymal and stemness markers: characterization of cell subpopulations. Ann Transl Med 2014;2:109.
73. Francart ME, Lambert J, Vanwynsberghe AM, Thompson EW, Bourcy M, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and circulating tumor cells: travel companions to metastases. Dev Dyn 2018;247:432-50.
74. Yang J, Weinberg RA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: at the crossroads of development and tumor metastasis. Dev Cell 2008;14:818-29.
75. Schmitt D, Andrews J, Tan M. Determination of breast cancer cell migratory ability. Methods Mol Biol 2016;1406:171-80.
76. Pandya P, Orgaz JL, Sanz-Moreno V. Modes of invasion during tumour dissemination. Mol Oncol 2017;11:5-27.
77. Te Boekhorst V, Friedl P. Plasticity of cancer cell invasion-mechanisms and implications for therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2016;132:209-64.
78. Jie XX, Zhang XY, Xu CJ. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, circulating tumor cells and cancer metastasis: Mechanisms and clinical applications. Oncotarget 2017;8:81558-71.
79. Tan EJ, Olsson AK, Moustakas A. Reprogramming during epithelial to mesenchymal transition under the control of TGFβ. Cell Adh Migr 2015;9:233-46.
80. Banyard J, Bielenberg DR. The role of EMT and MET in cancer dissemination. Connect Tissue Res 2015;56:403-13.
81. van Zijl F, Krupitza G, Mikulits W. Initial steps of metastasis: cell invasion and endothelial transmigration. Mutat Res 2011;728:23-34.
82. Lintz M, Muñoz A, Reinhart-King CA. The mechanics of single cell and collective migration of tumor cells. J Biomech Eng 2017;139.
83. Gkretsi V, Stylianopoulos T. Cell Adhesion and matrix stiffness: coordinating cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Front Oncol 2018;8:145.
84. Carlini MJ, De Lorenzo MS, Puricelli L. Cross-talk between tumor cells and the microenvironment at the metastatic niche. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011;12:1900-8.
86. Friedl P, Gilmour D. Collective cell migration in morphogenesis, regeneration and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2009;10:445-57.
87. Laser-Azogui A, Diamant-Levi T, Israeli S, Roytman Y, Tsarfaty I. Met-induced membrane blebbing leads to amoeboid cell motility and invasion. Oncogene 2014;33:1788-98.
88. Khajah MA, Luqmani YA. Involvement of membrane blebbing in immunological disorders and cancer. Med Princ Pract 2016;25 Suppl 2:18-27.
89. Sabeh F, Shimizu-Hirota R, Weiss SJ. Protease-dependent versus -independent cancer cell invasion programs: three-dimensional amoeboid movement revisited. J Cell Biol 2009;185:11-9.
91. Furge KA, Zhang YW, Vande Woude GF. Met receptor tyrosine kinase: enhanced signaling through adapter proteins. Oncogene 2000;19:5582-9.
92. Paduch R. The role of lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in tumor metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016;39:397-410.
93. Karlsson MC, Gonzalez SF, Welin J, Fuxe J. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer metastasis through the lymphatic system. Mol Oncol 2017;11:781-91.
94. Farnsworth RH, Achen MG, Stacker SA. The evolving role of lymphatics in cancer metastasis. Curr Opin Immunol 2018;53:64-73.
96. Karpanen T, Egeblad M, Karkkainen MJ, Kubo H, Ylä-Herttuala S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor C promotes tumor lymphangiogenesis and intralymphatic tumor growth. Cancer Res 2001;61:1786-90.
97. Yazawa Y, Kitahara M. Bilateral endolymphatic hydrops in Menière’s disease: review of temporal bone autopsies. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1990;99:524-8.
98. Vaahtomeri K, Karaman S, Mäkinen T, Alitalo K. Lymphangiogenesis guidance by paracrine and pericellular factors. Genes Dev 2017;31:1615-34.
99. Ji RC. Lymph nodes and cancer metastasis: new perspectives on the role of intranodal lymphatic sinuses. Int J Mol Sci 2016;18.
100. Ran S, Volk L, Hall K, Flister MJ. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis in breast cancer. Pathophysiology 2010;17:229-51.
101. Nakamura Y, Yasuoka H, Tsujimoto M, Imabun S, Nakahara M, et al. Lymph vessel density correlates with nodal status, VEGF-C expression, and prognosis in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;91:125-32.
102. Domschke C, Schneeweiss A, Stefanovic S, Wallwiener M, Heil J, et al. Cellular immune responses and immune escape mechanisms in breast cancer: determinants of immunotherapy. Breast Care (Basel) 2016;11:102-7.
103. Terry S, Savagner P, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Mahjoubi L, Saintigny P, et al. New insights into the role of EMT in tumor immune escape. Mol Oncol 2017;11:824-46.
104. Wang M, Zhang C, Song Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, et al. Mechanism of immune evasion in breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017;10:1561-73.
105. Francisco LM, Salinas VH, Brown KE, Vanguri VK, Freeman GJ, et al. PD-L1 regulates the development, maintenance, and function of induced regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 2009;206:3015-29.
106. Chen L, Gibbons DL, Goswami S, Cortez MA, Ahn YH, et al. Metastasis is regulated via microRNA-200/ZEB1 axis control of tumour cell PD-L1 expression and intratumoral immunosuppression. Nat Commun 2014;5:5241.
107. Zhang P, Sun Y, Ma L. ZEB1: at the crossroads of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis and therapy resistance. Cell Cycle 2015;14:481-7.
108. Chen J, Jiang CC, Jin L, Zhang XD. Regulation of PD-L1: a novel role of pro-survival signalling in cancer. Ann Oncol 2016;27:409-16.
109. Schütz F, Stefanovic S, Mayer L, von Au A, Domschke C, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in breast cancer. Oncol Res Treat 2017;40:294-7.
110. Sabatier R, Finetti P, Mamessier E, Adelaide J, Chaffanet M, et al. Prognostic and predictive value of PDL1 expression in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2015;6:5449-64.
111. Mazel M, Jacot W, Pantel K, Bartkowiak K, Topart D, et al. Frequent expression of PD-L1 on circulating breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2015;9:1773-82.
112. Bębenek M, Duś D, Koźlak J. Prognostic value of the Fas/Fas ligand system in breast cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2013;17:120-2.
113. Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Uchida Y, Toge T. The role of Fas ligand and transforming growth factor beta in tumor progression: molecular mechanisms of immune privilege via Fas-mediated apoptosis and potential targets for cancer therapy. Cancer 2004;100:2281-91.
114. Paget S. The distribution of secondary growths in cancer of the breast. 1889. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1989;8:98-101.
115. de Groot AE, Roy S, Brown JS, Pienta KJ, Amend SR. Revisiting Seed and Soil: examining the primary tumor and cancer cell foraging in metastasis. Mol Cancer Res 2017;15:361-70.
116. Amelot A, Terrier LM, Mazeron JJ, Valery CA, Cornu P, et al. Timeline metastatic progression: in the wake of the « seed and soil » theory. Med Oncol 2017;34:185.
117. Psaila B, Lyden D. The metastatic niche: adapting the foreign soil. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:285-93.
118. Chikina AS, Aleksandrova AIu. The cellular mechanisms and regulation of metastasis formation. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2014;48:195-213.
119. Peinado H, Zhang H, Matei IR, Costa-Silva B, Hoshino A, et al. Pre-metastatic niches: organ-specific homes for metastases. Nat Rev Cancer 2017;17:302-17.
120. Chin AR, Wang SE. Cancer tills the premetastatic field: mechanistic basis and clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res 2016;22:3725-33.
121. Peinado H, Lavotshkin S, Lyden D. The secreted factors responsible for pre-metastatic niche formation: old sayings and new thoughts. Semin Cancer Biol 2011;21:139-46.
122. Liu ZJ, Semenza GL, Zhang HF. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and breast cancer metastasis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015;16:32-43.
123. Inácio Pinto N, Carnier J, Oyama LM, Otoch JP, Alcântara PS, et al. Cancer as a proinflammatory environment: metastasis and cachexia. Mediators Inflamm 2015;2015:791060.
124. Xie HY, Shao ZM, Li DQ. Tumor microenvironment: driving forces and potential therapeutic targets for breast cancer metastasis. Chin J Cancer 2017;36:36.
125. Cox TR, Rumney RMH, Schoof EM, Perryman L, Høye AM, et al. The hypoxic cancer secretome induces pre-metastatic bone lesions through lysyl oxidase. Nature 2015;522:106-10.
126. Barkan D, Green JE, Chambers AF. Extracellular matrix: a gatekeeper in the transition from dormancy to metastatic growth. Eur J Cancer 2010;46:1181-8.
127. Cox TR, Gartland A, Erler JT. Lysyl oxidase, a targetable secreted molecule involved in cancer metastasis. Cancer Res 2016;76:188-92.
128. Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Cox TR, Lang G, Bird D, et al. Hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell recruitment to form the premetastatic niche. Cancer Cell 2009;15:35-44.
129. Cox TR, Bird D, Baker AM, Barker HE, Ho MW, et al. LOX-mediated collagen crosslinking is responsible for fibrosis-enhanced metastasis. Cancer Res 2013;73:1721-32.
130. Barker HE, Bird D, Lang G, Erler JT. Tumor-secreted LOXL2 activates fibroblasts through FAK signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2013;11:1425-36.
131. Endo M, Nakano M, Kadomatsu T, Fukuhara S, Kuroda H, et al. Tumor cell-derived angiopoietin-like protein ANGPTL2 is a critical driver of metastasis. Cancer Res 2012;72:1784-94.
132. García-Román J, Zentella-Dehesa A. Vascular permeability changes involved in tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2013;335:259-69.
133. Saharinen P, Eklund L, Pulkki K, Bono P, Alitalo K. VEGF and angiopoietin signaling in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Trends Mol Med 2011;17:347-62.
134. Heymann D, Téllez-Gabriel M. Circulating tumor cells: the importance of single cell analysis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2018;1068:45-58.
135. Desitter I, Guerrouahen BS, Benali-Furet N, Wechsler J, Jänne PA, et al. A new device for rapid isolation by size and characterization of rare circulating tumor cells. Anticancer Res 2011;31:427-41.
136. Li Y, Wu S, Bai F. Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells-from bench to bedside. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018;75:88-97.
137. Grover PK, Cummins AG, Price TJ, Roberts-Thomson IC, Hardingham JE. Circulating tumour cells: the evolving concept and the inadequacy of their enrichment by EpCAM-based methodology for basic and clinical cancer research. Ann Oncol 2014;25:1506-16.
138. Lee JS, Magbanua MJM, Park JW. Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: applications in personalized medicine. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016;160:411-24.
139. Königsberg R, Obermayr E, Bises G, Pfeiler G, Gneist M, et al. Detection of EpCAM positive and negative circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol 2011;50:700-10.
140. Campton DE, Ramirez AB, Nordberg JJ, Drovetto N, Clein AC, et al. High-recovery visual identification and single-cell retrieval of circulating tumor cells for genomic analysis using a dual-technology platform integrated with automated immunofluorescence staining. BMC Cancer 2015;15:360.
141. Hillig T, Horn P, Nygaard AB, Haugaard AS, Nejlund S, et al. In vitro detection of circulating tumor cells compared by the CytoTrack and CellSearch methods. Tumour Biol 2015;36:4597-601.
142. Adams DL, Stefansson S, Haudenschild C, Martin SS, Charpentier M, et al. Cytometric characterization of circulating tumor cells captured by microfiltration and their correlation to the CellSearch(®) CTC test. Cytometry A 2015;87:137-44.
143. Vona G, Sabile A, Louha M, Sitruk V, Romana S, et al. Isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells : a new method for the immunomorphological and molecular characterization of circulatingtumor cells. Am J Pathol 2000;156:57-63.
144. Zhou MD, Hao S, Williams AJ, Harouaka RA, Schrand B, et al. Separable bilayer microfiltration device for viable label-free enrichment of circulating tumour cells. Sci Rep 2014;4:7392.
145. Ozkumur E, Shah AM, Ciciliano JC, Emmink BL, Miyamoto DT, et al. Inertial focusing for tumor antigen-dependent and -independent sorting of rare circulating tumor cells. Sci Transl Med 2013;5:179ra47.
146. Stott SL, Hsu CH, Tsukrov DI, Yu M, Miyamoto DT, et al. Isolation of circulating tumor cells using a microvortex-generating herringbone-chip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:18392-7.
147. Harb W, Fan A, Tran T, Danila DC, Keys D, et al. Mutational analysis of circulating tumor cells using a novel microfluidic collection device and qPCR assay. Transl Oncol 2013;6:528-38.
148. Kalinsky K, Mayer JA, Xu X, Pham T, Wong KL, et al. Correlation of hormone receptor status between circulating tumor cells, primary tumor, and metastasis in breast cancer patients. Clin Transl Oncol 2015;17:539-46.
149. Xu L, Mao X, Imrali A, Syed F, Mutsvangwa K, et al. Optimization and evaluation of a novel size based circulating tumor cell isolation system. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138032.
150. Sollier E, Go DE, Che J, Gossett DR, O’Byrne S, et al. Size-selective collection of circulating tumor cells using Vortex technology. Lab Chip 2014;14:63-77.
151. Khoo BL, Warkiani ME, Tan DS, Bhagat AA, Irwin D, et al. Clinical validation of an ultra high-throughput spiral microfluidics for the detection and enrichment of viable circulating tumor cells. PLoS One 2014;9:e99409.
152. Gerges N, Rak J, Jabado N. New technologies for the detection of circulating tumour cells. Br Med Bull 2010;94:49-64.
153. Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351:781-91.
154. Talasaz AH, Powell AA, Huber DE, Berbee JG, Roh KH, et al. Isolating highly enriched populations of circulating epithelial cells and other rare cells from blood using a magnetic sweeper device. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009;106:3970-5.
155. Chinen LT, de Carvalho FM, Rocha BM, Aguiar CM, Abdallah EA, et al. Cytokeratin-based CTC counting unrelated to clinical follow up. J Thorac Dis 2013;5:593-9.
156. Somlo G, Lau SK, Frankel P, Hsieh HB, Liu X, et al. Multiple biomarker expression on circulating tumor cells in comparison to tumor tissues from primary and metastatic sites in patients with locally advanced/inflammatory, and stage IV breast cancer, using a novel detection technology. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;128:155-63.
157. Andreopoulou E, Yang LY, Rangel KM, Reuben JM, Hsu L, et al. Comparison of assay methods for detection of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer: AdnaGen AdnaTest BreastCancer Select/Detect™ versus Veridex CellSearch™ system. Int J Cancer 2012;130:1590-7.
158. López-Riquelme N, Minguela A, Villar-Permuy F, Ciprian D, Castillejo A, et al. Imaging cytometry for counting circulating tumor cells: comparative analysis of the CellSearch vs ImageStream systems. APMIS 2013;121:1139-43.
159. Magbanua MJ, Park JW. Isolation of circulating tumor cells by immunomagnetic enrichment and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (IE/FACS) for molecular profiling. Methods 2013;64:114-8.
160. Magbanua MJ, Sosa EV, Roy R, Eisenbud LE, Scott JH, et al. Genomic profiling of isolated circulating tumor cells from metastatic breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 2013;73:30-40.
161. Morris RJ. Circulating tumor cells: quintessential precision oncology presenting challenges for biology. NPJ Precis Oncol 2017;1:16.
162. Wallwiener M, Riethdorf S, Hartkopf AD, Modugno C, Nees J, et al. Serial enumeration of circulating tumor cells predicts treatment response and prognosis in metastatic breast cancer: a prospective study in 393 patients. BMC Cancer 2014;14:512.
163. Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer 2009;45:228-47.
164. Raimondi C, Gradilone A, Naso G, Vincenzi B, Petracca A, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness features in circulating tumor cells from breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;130:449-55.
165. Giordano A, Gao H, Anfossi S, Cohen E, Mego M, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2012;11:2526-34.
166. Mego M, De Giorgi U, Dawood S, Wang X, Valero V, et al. Characterization of metastatic breast cancer patients with nondetectable circulating tumor cells. Int J Cancer 2011;129:417-23.
167. Satelli A, Batth I, Brownlee Z, Mitra A, Zhou S, et al. EMT circulating tumor cells detected by cell-surface vimentin are associated with prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2017;8:49329-37.
168. Serrano MJ, Ortega FG, Alvarez-Cubero MJ, Nadal R, Sanchez-Rovira P, et al. EMT and EGFR in CTCs cytokeratin negative non-metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget 2014;5:7486-97.
169. Duffy MJ, McDermott EW, Crown J. Blood-based biomarkers in breast cancer: From proteins to circulating tumor cells to circulating tumor DNA. Tumour Biol 2018;40:1010428318776169.
170. Austin RG, Huang TJ, Wu M, Armstrong AJ, Zhang T. Clinical utility of non-EpCAM based circulating tumor cell assays. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018;125:132-42.
171. Khatami F, Aghayan HR, Sanaei M, Heshmat R, Tavangar SM, et al. The potential of circulating tumor cells in personalized management of breast cancer: a systematic review. Acta Med Iran 2017;55:175-93.
172. Shao Y, Sun X, He Y, Liu C, Liu H. Elevated levels of serum tumor markers CEA and CA15-3 are prognostic parameters for different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. PLoS One 2015;10:e0133830.
173. Gion M, Mione R, Barioli P, Sartorello P, Capitanio G. Tissue polypeptide antigen and tissue polypeptide specific antigen in primary breast cancer. Evaluation in serum and tumour tissue. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1994;32:779-87.
174. Tchou J, Lam L, Li YR, Edwards C, Ky B, et al. Monitoring serum HER2 levels in breast cancer patients. Springerplus 2015;4:237.
175. Mokuyasu S, Suzuki Y, Seto T, Miyachi H, Tokuda Y. A comparative clinical evaluation of the assay of serum extracellular domain of HER2 protein using a chemiluminescent immunoassay method in breast cancer patients with or without HER2 protein expression in immunohistochemistry. Rinsho Byori 2012;60:612-20.
176. Fujimoto Y, Higuchi T, Nishimukai A, Miyagawa Y, Kira A, et al. High levels of serum CA15-3 and residual invasive tumor size are associated with poor prognosis for breast cancer patients with non-pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Surg Oncol 2018; doi: 10.1002/jso.25125.
177. Kucera R, Topolcan O, Fiala O, Kinkorova J, Treska V, et al. The role of TPS and TPA in the diagnostics of distant metastases. Anticancer Res 2016;36:773-7.
178. Tang SS, Gui GP. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent breast cancer. Biomark Med 2012;6:567-85.
179. Mariani L, Miceli R, Michilin S, Gion M. Serial determination of CEA and CA 15.3 in breast cancer follow-up: an assessment of their diagnostic accuracy for the detection of tumour recurrences. Biomarkers 2009;14:130-6.
180. Smerage JB, Barlow WE, Hortobagyi GN, Winer EP, Leyland-Jones B, et al. Circulating tumor cells and response to chemotherapy in metastatic breast cancer: SWOG S0500. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3483-9.
181. Larsson AM, Jansson S, Bendahl PO, Levin Tykjaer Jörgensen C, Loman N, et al. Longitudinal enumeration and cluster evaluation of circulating tumor cells improve prognostication for patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast cancer in a prospective observational trial. Breast Cancer Res 2018;20:48.
182. Lu YJ, Wang P, Wang X, Peng J, Zhu YW, et al. The significant prognostic value of circulating tumor cells in triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2016;7:37361-9.
183. Kang Y, Pantel K. Tumor cell dissemination: emerging biological insights from animal models and cancer patients. Cancer Cell 2013;23:573-81.
184. Van Poznak C, Somerfield MR, Bast RC, Cristofanilli M, Goetz MP, et al. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on systemic therapy for women with metastatic breast cancer: american society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2015;33:2695-704.
185. Ellsworth RE, Blackburn HL, Shriver CD, Soon-Shiong P, Ellsworth DL. Molecular heterogeneity in breast cancer: State of the science and implications for patient care. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017;64:65-72.
186. Fehm T, Müller V, Aktas B, Janni W, Schneeweiss A, et al. HER2 status of circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a prospective, multicenter trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;124:403-12.
187. Georgoulias V, Bozionelou V, Agelaki S, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, et al. Trastuzumab decreases the incidence of clinical relapses in patients with early breast cancer presenting chemotherapy-resistant CK-19mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells: results of a randomized phase II study. Ann Oncol 2012;23:1744-50.
188. Paoletti C, Muñiz MC, Thomas DG, Griffith KA, Kidwell KM, et al. Development of circulating tumor cell-endocrine therapy index in patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015;21:2487-98.
189. Arteaga CL, Engelman JA. ERBB receptors: from oncogene discovery to basic science to mechanism-based cancer therapeutics. Cancer Cell 2014;25:282-303.
190. Riethdorf S, Müller V, Zhang L, Rau T, Loibl S, et al. Detection and HER2 expression of circulating tumor cells: prospective monitoring in breast cancer patients treated in the neoadjuvant GeparQuattro trial. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:2634-45.
