REFERENCES
1. Torre LA, Siegel RL, Ward EM, Jemal A. Global cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends--an update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25:16-27.
2. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015;136:E359-86.
3. Kagawa S, Shigeyasu K, Ishida M, Watanabe M, Tazawa H, Nagasaka T, Shirakawa Y, Fujiwara T. Molecular diagnosis and therapy for occult peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:17796-803.
4. Bando E, Yonemura Y, Takeshita Y, Taniguchi K, Yasui T, Yoshimitsu Y, Fushida S, Fujimura T, Nishimura G, Miwa K. Intraoperative lavage for cytological examination in 1,297 patients with gastric carcinoma. Am J Surg 1999;178:256-62.
5. Higaki E, Yanagi S, Gotohda N, Kinoshita T, Kuwata T, Nagino M, Ochiai A, Fujii S. Intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology offers prognostic significance for gastric cancer patients with curative resection. Cancer Sci 2017;108:978-86.
6. Kodera Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Ohashi N, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Kojima H, Matsui T, Kondo K, Fujiwara M. Long-term follow up of patients who were positive for peritoneal lavage cytology: final report from the CCOG0301 study. Gastric Cancer 2012;15:335-7.
7. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4). Gastric Cancer 2017;20:1-19.
8. Edge SB, Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Ann Surg Oncol 2010;17:1471-4.
9. De Andrade JP, Mezhir JJ. The critical role of peritoneal cytology in the staging of gastric cancer: an evidence-based review. J Surg Oncol 2014;110:291-7.
10. Yoneda A, Taniguchi K, Torashima Y, Susumu S, Kanetaka K, Kuroki T, Eguchi S. The detection of gastric cancer cells in intraoperative peritoneal lavage using the reverse transcription--loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. J Surg Res 2014;187:e1-6.
11. Wong J, Kelly KJ, Mittra A, Gonen M, Allen P, Fong Y, Coit D. Rt-PCR increases detection of submicroscopic peritoneal metastases in gastric cancer and has prognostic significance. J Gastrointest Surg 2012;16:889-96; discussion 896.
12. Bentrem D, Wilton A, Mazumdar M, Brennan M, Coit D. The value of peritoneal cytology as a preoperative predictor in patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing a curative resection. Ann Surg Oncol 2005;12:347-53.
14. Burke EC, Karpeh MS, Conlon KC, Brennan MF. Laparoscopy in the management of gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 1997;225:262-7.
15. Wang JY, Lin SR, Lu CY, Chen CC, Wu DC, Chai CY, Chen FM, Hsieh JS, Huang TJ. Gastric cancer cell detection in peritoneal lavage: RT-PCR for carcinoembryonic antigen transcripts versus the combined cytology with peritoneal carcinoembryonic antigen levels. Cancer Lett 2005;223:129-35.
16. Kodera Y, Nakanishi H, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Ohashi N, Yamamura Y, Fujiwara M, Koike M, Tatematsu M, Nakao A. Prognostic significance of intraperitoneal cancer cells in gastric carcinoma: analysis of real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction after 5 years of followup. J Am Coll Surg 2006;202:231-6.
17. Shimada H, Noie T, Ohashi M, Oba K, Takahashi Y. Clinical significance of serum tumor markers for gastric cancer: a systematic review of literature by the Task Force of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Gastric Cancer 2014;17:26-33.
18. Waddell T, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Eur J Surg Oncol 2014;40:584-91.
19. Asao T, Fukuda T, Yazawa S, Nagamachi Y. Carcinoembryonic antigen levels in peritoneal washings can predict peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of gastric cancer. Cancer 1991;68:44-7.
20. Hiroshige K, Iwamoto M, Kabashima N, Mutoh Y, Yuu K, Ohtani A. Prolonged use of intradialysis parenteral nutrition in elderly malnourished chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:2081-7.
21. Liang HC, Dahan M, Karlin KD. Dioxygen-activating bio-inorganic model complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 1999;3:168-75.
22. Yamamoto M, Yoshinaga K, Matsuyama A, Tsutsui S, Ishida T. CEA/CA72-4 levels in peritoneal lavage fluid are predictive factors in patients with gastric carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014;140:607-12.
23. Riethdorf S, Wikman H, Pantel K. Review: biological relevance of disseminated tumor cells in cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2008;123:1991-2006.
24. Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Torii A, Hirai T, Yamamura Y, Kato T, Kito T, Tatematsu M. Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free tumor cells in peritoneal washes from patients with gastric carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997;88:687-92.
25. Yonemura Y, Endou Y, Fujimura T, Fushida S, Bandou E, Kinoshita K, Sugiyama K, Sawa T, Kim BS, Sasaki T. Diagnostic value of preoperative RT-PCR-based screening method to detect carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity from patients with gastric cancer. ANZ J Surg 2001;71:521-8.
26. Fujii S, Kitayama J, Kaisaki S, Sasaki S, Seto Y, Tominaga O, Tsuno N, Umetani N, Yokota H, Kitamura K, Tsuruo T, Nagawa H. Carcinoembryonic antigen mRNA in abdominal cavity as a useful predictor of peritoneal recurrence of gastric cancer with serosal exposure. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2002;21:547-53.
27. Tokuda K, Natsugoe S, Nakajo A, Miyazono F, Ishigami S, Hokita S, Takao S, Eizuru Y, Aikou T. Clinical significance of CEA-mRNA expression in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer. Int J Mol Med 2003;11:79-84.
28. Ueno H, Yoshida K, Hirai T, Kono F, Kambe M, Toge T. Quantitative detection of carcinoembryonic antigen messenger RNA in the peritoneal cavity of gastric cancer patients by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Anticancer Res 2003;23:1701-8.
29. Oyama K, Terashima M, Takagane A, Maesawa C. Prognostic significance of peritoneal minimal residual disease in gastric cancer detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Br J Surg 2004;91:435-43.
30. Ito S, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Mochizuki Y, Tatematsu M, Yamamura Y. Prospective validation of quantitative CEA mRNA detection in peritoneal washes in gastric carcinoma patients. Br J Cancer 2005;93:986-92.
31. Fujiwara Y, Doki Y, Taniguchi H, Sohma I, Takiguchi S, Miyata H, Yamasaki M, Monden M. Genetic detection of free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity of the patient with gastric cancer: present status and future perspectives. Gastric Cancer 2007;10:197-204.
32. Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Yamamura Y, Ito S, Kato T, Ezaki T, Tatematsu M. Rapid quantitative detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free tumor cells in the peritoneal cavity of gastric-cancer patients with real-time RT-PCR on the lightcycler. Int J Cancer 2000;89:411-7.
33. Kodera Y, Isobe K, Yamauchi M, Satta T, Hasegawa T, Oikawa S, Kondoh K, Akiyama S, Itoh K, Nakashima I. Expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and nonspecific crossreacting antigen (NCA) in gastrointestinal cancer; the correlation with degree of differentiation. Br J Cancer 1993;68:130-6.
34. Kodera Y, Nakanishi H, Ito S, Yamamura Y, Kanemitsu Y, Shimizu Y, Hirai T, Yasui K, Kato T, Tatematsu M. Quantitative detection of disseminated cancer cells in the greater omentum of gastric carcinoma patients with real-time RT-PCR: a comparison with peritoneal lavage cytology. Gastric Cancer 2002;5:69-76.
35. Ohashi N, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Yamamura Y, Tatematsu M, Nakao A, Kato T. Intraoperative quantitative detection of CEA mRNA in the peritoneal lavage of gastric cancer patients with transcription reverse-transcription concerted (TRC) method. A comparative study with real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Anticancer Res 2007;27:2769-77.
36. Fujiwara Y, Okada K, Hanada H, Tamura S, Kimura Y, Fujita J, Imamura H, Kishi K, Yano M, Miki H, Okada K, Takayama O, Aoki T, Mori M, Doki Y. The clinical importance of a transcription reverse-transcription concerted (TRC) diagnosis using peritoneal lavage fluids in gastric cancer with clinical serosal invasion: a prospective, multicenter study. Surgery 2014;155:417-23.
37. Yamaguchi H, Satoh Y, Ishigami H, Kurihara M, Yatomi Y, Kitayama J. Peritoneal lavage CEA mRNA levels predict conversion gastrectomy outcomes after induction chemotherapy with intraperitoneal paclitaxel in gastric cancer patients with peritoneal metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2017;24:3345-52.
38. Kodera Y, Nakanishi H, Ito S, Yamamura Y, Fujiwara M, Koike M, Hibi K, Ito K, Tatematsu M, Nakao A. Prognostic significance of intraperitoneal cancer cells in gastric carcinoma: detection of cytokeratin 20 mRNA in peritoneal washes, in addition to detection of carcinoembryonic antigen. Gastric Cancer 2005;8:142-8.
39. Sugita Y, Fujiwara Y, Taniguchi H, Mori T, Ishii T, Niwa H, Okada Y, Takiguchi S, Yasuda T, Yano M, Monden M. Quantitative molecular diagnosis of peritoneal lavage fluid for prediction of peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2003;23:1419-23.
40. Katsuragi K, Yashiro M, Sawada T, Osaka H, Ohira M, Hirakawa K. Prognostic impact of PCR-based identification of isolated tumour cells in the peritoneal lavage fluid of gastric cancer patients who underwent a curative R0 resection. Br J Cancer 2007;97:550-6.
41. Takata A, Kurokawa Y, Fujiwara Y, Nakamura Y, Takahashi T, Yamasaki M, Miyata H, Nakajima K, Takiguchi S, Mori M, Doki Y. Prognostic value of CEA and CK20 mRNA in the peritoneal lavage fluid of patients undergoing curative surgery for gastric cancer. World J Surg 2014;38:1107-11.
42. Yang B, O'Herrin SM, Wu J, Reagan-Shaw S, Ma Y, Bhat KM, Gravekamp C, Setaluri V, Peters N, Hoffmann FM, Peng H, Ivanov AV, Simpson AJ, Longley BJ. MAGE-A, mMage-b, and MAGE-C proteins form complexes with KAP1 and suppress p53-dependent apoptosis in MAGE-positive cell lines. Cancer Res 2007;67:9954-62.
43. Jeon CH, Kim IH, Chae HD. Prognostic value of genetic detection using CEA and MAGE in peritoneal washes with gastric carcinoma after curative resection: result of a 3-year follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014;93:e83.
44. Li J, Yang Y, Fujie T, Tanaka F, Mimori K, Haraguchi M, Ueo H, Mori M, Akiyoshi T. Expression of the MAGE gene family in human gastric carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1997;17:3559-63.
45. Hiraki M, Kitajima Y, Koga Y, Tanaka T, Nakamura J, Hashiguchi K, Noshiro H, Miyazaki K. Aberrant gene methylation is a biomarker for the detection of cancer cells in peritoneal wash samples from advanced gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2011;18:3013-9.
46. Di Leva G, Croce CM. The role of microRNAs in the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2014;3:153.
47. Tokuhisa M, Ichikawa Y, Kosaka N, Ochiya T, Yashiro M, Hirakawa K, Kosaka T, Makino H, Akiyama H, Kunisaki C, Endo I. Exosomal miRNAs from peritoneum lavage fluid as potential prognostic biomarkers of peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2015;10:e0130472.
48. Radke S, Pirkmaier A, Germain D. Differential expression of the F-box proteins Skp2 and Skp2B in breast cancer. Oncogene 2005;24:3448-58.
49. Miwa T, Kanda M, Tanaka H, Tanaka C, Kobayashi D, Umeda S, Iwata N, Hayashi M, Yamada S, Fujii T, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. FBXO50 enhances the malignant behavior of gastric cancer cells. Ann Surg Oncol 2017;24:3771-9.
50. Ii M, Yamamoto H, Adachi Y, Maruyama Y, Shinomura Y. Role of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) in human cancer invasion, apoptosis, growth, and angiogenesis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2006;231:20-7.
51. Li Z, Zhang D, Zhang H, Miao Z, Tang Y, Sun G, Dai D. Prediction of peritoneal recurrence by the mRNA level of CEA and MMP-7 in peritoneal lavage of gastric cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2014;35:3463-70.
52. Mirigian LS, Makareeva E, Koistinen H, Itkonen O, Sorsa T, Stenman UH, Salo T, Leikin S. Collagen degradation by tumor-associated trypsins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013;535:111-4.
53. Fujimura T, Ohta T, Kitagawa H, Fushida S, Nishimura GI, Yonemura Y, Elnemr A, Miwa K, Nakanuma Y. Trypsinogen expression and early detection for peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 1998;69:71-5.
54. Zhang B, Rong G, Wei H, Zhang M, Bi J, Ma L, Xue X, Wei G, Liu X, Fang G. The prevalence of Th17 cells in patients with gastric cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008;374:533-7.
55. Iida T, Iwahashi M, Katsuda M, Ishida K, Nakamori M, Nakamura M, Naka T, Ojima T, Ueda K, Hayata K, Yasuoka H, Yamaue H. Prognostic significance of IL-17 mRNA expression in peritoneal lavage in gastric cancer patients who underwent curative resection. Oncol Rep 2014;31:605-12.
56. Bernardes de Jesus B, Blasco MA. Telomerase at the intersection of cancer and aging. Trends Genet 2013;29:513-20.
57. Da MX, Wu XT, Guo TK, Zhao ZG, Luo T, Qian K, Zhang MM, Wang J. Clinical significance of telomerase activity in peritoneal lavage fluid from patients with gastric cancer and its relationship with cellular proliferation. World J Gastroenterol 2007;13:3122-7.
58. Sakakura C, Hagiwara A, Nakanishi M, Shimomura K, Takagi T, Yasuoka R, Fujita Y, Abe T, Ichikawa Y, Takahashi S, Ishikawa T, Nishizuka I, Morita T, Shimada H, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y, Yamagishi H. Differential gene expression profiles of gastric cancer cells established from primary tumour and malignant ascites. Br J Cancer 2002;87:1153-61.
59. Gilbert J, Haber M, Bordow SB, Marshall GM, Norris MD. Use of tumor-specific gene expression for the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma from other pediatric small round-cell malignancies. Am J Pathol 1999;155:17-21.
60. Sakakura C, Takemura M, Hagiwara A, Shimomura K, Miyagawa K, Nakashima S, Yoshikawa T, Takagi T, Kin S, Nakase Y, Fujiyama J, Hayasizaki Y, Okazaki Y, Yamagishi H. Overexpression of dopa decarboxylase in peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer and its potential as a novel marker for the detection of peritoneal micrometastases with real-time RT-PCR. Br J Cancer 2004;90:665-71.
61. Takaishi S, Okumura T, Tu S, Wang SS, Shibata W, Vigneshwaran R, Gordon SA, Shimada Y, Wang TC. Identification of gastric cancer stem cells using the cell surface marker CD44. Stem Cells 2009;27:1006-20.
62. Horikawa M, Iinuma H, Inoue T, Ogawa E, Fukushima R. Clinical significance of intraperitoneal CD44 mRNA levels of magnetically separated CD45-negative EpCAM-positive cells for peritoneal recurrence and prognosis in stage II and III gastric cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2011;25:1413-20.
63. Bachelor MA, Lu Y, Owens DM. L-3-Phosphoserine phosphatase (PSPH) regulates cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma proliferation independent of L-serine biosynthesis. J Dermatol Sci 2011;63:164-72.
64. Shimomura K, Sakakura C, Takemura M, Takagi T, Fukuda K, Kin S, Nakase Y, Miyagawa K, Ohgaki M, Fujiyama J, Fujita Y, Nakanishi M, Hagiwara A, Shirane M, Okazaki Y, Hayashizaki Y, Yamagishi H. Combination of L-3-phosphoserine phosphatase and CEA using real-time RT-PCR improves accuracy in detection of peritoneal micrometastasis of gastric cancer. Anticancer Res 2004;24:1113-20.
65. Hippo Y, Yashiro M, Ishii M, Taniguchi H, Tsutsumi S, Hirakawa K, Kodama T, Aburatani H. Differential gene expression profiles of scirrhous gastric cancer cells with high metastatic potential to peritoneum or lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2001;61:889-95.
66. Mori T, Fujiwara Y, Sugita Y, Azama T, Ishii T, Taniguchi K, Yamazaki K, Takiguchi S, Yasuda T, Yano M, Monden M. Application of molecular diagnosis for detection of peritoneal micrometastasis and evaluation of preoperative chemotherapy in advanced gastric carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2004;11:14-20.
67. Kodera Y, Ito S, Mochizuki Y, Kondo K, Koshikawa K, Suzuki N, Kojima H, Kojima T, Matsui T, Takase T, Tsuboi K, Fujiwara M, Nakao A. A phase II study of radical surgery followed by postoperative chemotherapy with S-1 for gastric carcinoma with free cancer cells in the peritoneal cavity (CCOG0301 study). Eur J Surg Oncol 2009;35:1158-63.
68. Kurebayashi J, Nukatsuka M, Fujioka A, Saito H, Takeda S, Unemi N, Fukumori H, Kurosumi M, Sonoo H, Dickson RB. Postsurgical oral administration of uracil and tegafur inhibits progression of micrometastasis of human breast cancer cells in nude mice. Clin Cancer Res 1997;3:653-9.
69. Yokoyama H, Nakanishi H, Kodera Y, Ikehara Y, Ohashi N, Ito Y, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Tatematsu M, Nakao A. Biological significance of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis in lymph nodes evaluated using a green fluorescent protein-tagged human gastric cancer cell line. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:361-8.
70. Ito S, Kodera Y, Mochizuki Y, Kojima T, Nakanishi H, Yamamura Y. Phase II clinical trial of postoperative S-1 monotherapy for gastric cancer patients with free intraperitoneal cancer cells detected by real-time RT-PCR. World J Surg 2010;34:2083-9.
71. Kodera Y. Gastric cancer with minimal peritoneal metastasis: is this a sign to give up or to treat more aggressively? Nagoya J Med Sci 2013;75:3-10.
72. Shimada S, Tanaka E, Marutsuka T, Honmyo U, Tokunaga H, Yagi Y, Aoki N, Ogawa M. Extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage and chemotherapy for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal free cancer cells. Gastric Cancer 2002;5:168-72.
73. Yamamoto K, Shimada S, Hirota M, Yagi Y, Matsuda M, Baba H. EIPL (extensive intraoperative peritoneal lavage) therapy significantly reduces peritoneal recurrence after pancreatectomy in patients with pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol 2005;27:1321-8.
74. Marutsuka T, Shimada S, Shiomori K, Hayashi N, Yagi Y, Yamane T, Ogawa M. Mechanisms of peritoneal metastasis after operation for non-serosa-invasive gastric carcinoma: an ultrarapid detection system for intraperitoneal free cancer cells and a prophylactic strategy for peritoneal metastasis. Clin Cancer Res 2003;9:678-85.
75. Ji ZH, Peng KW, Li Y. Intraperitoneal free cancer cells in gastric cancer: pathology of peritoneal carcinomatosis and rationale for intraperitoneal chemotherapy/hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy in gastric cancer. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;1:69.
76. Ishii T, Fujiwara Y, Ohnaka S, Hayashi T, Taniguchi H, Takiguchi S, Yasuda T, Yano M, Monden M. Rapid genetic diagnosis with the transcription-reverse transcription concerted reaction system for cancer micrometastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2004;11:778-85.
