REFERENCES
1. Marusawa H, Jenkins BJ. Inflammation and gastrointestinal cancer: an overview. Cancer Lett 2014;345:153-6.
2. Gartel AL, Kandel ES. miRNAs: Little known mediators of oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2008;18:103-10.
3. Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 2009;19:92-105.
6. Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, Byrom M, Kelnar K, Ovcharenko D, Wilson M, Wang X, Shelton J, Shingara J, Chin L, Brown D, Slack FJ. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res 2007;67:7713-22.
7. Kent OA, Mendell JT. A small piece in the cancer puzzle: microRNAs as tumor suppressors and oncogenes. Oncogene 2006;25:6188-96.
8. Fassan M, Croce CM, Rugge M. miRNAs in precancerous lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:5231-9.
9. Song B, Ju J. Impact of miRNAs in gastrointestinal cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Expert Rev Mol Med 2010;12:e33.
10. Boni V, Bandres E, Zarate R, Colucci G, Maiello E, Garcia-Foncillas J. MicroRNAs as a new potential therapeutic opportunity in gastrointestinal cancer. Oncology 2009;77 Suppl 1:75-89.
11. Vicentini C, Fassan M, D'Angelo E, Corbo V, Silvestris N, Nuovo GJ, Scarpa A. Clinical application of microRNA testing in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Molecules 2014;19:2458-68.
12. Macha MA, Seshacharyulu P, Krishn SR, Pai P, Rachagani S, Jain M, Batra SK. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarker(s) for prognosis and diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:5287-97.
13. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:74-108.
15. He B, Yin B, Wang B, Xia Z, Chen C, Tang J. MicroRNAs in esophageal cancer (review). Mol Med Rep 2012;6:459-65.
16. Guo Y, Chen Z, Zhang L, Zhou F, Shi S, Feng X, Li B, Meng X, Ma X, Luo M, Shao K, Li N, Qiu B, Mitchelson K, Cheng J, He J. Distinctive microRNA profiles relating to patient survival in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 2008;68:26-33.
17. Feber A, Xi L, Luketich JD, Pennathur A, Landreneau RJ, Wu M, Swanson SJ, Godfrey TE, Litle VR. MicroRNA expression profiles of esophageal cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008;135:255-60.
18. Mathe EA, Nguyen GH, Bowman ED, Zhao Y, Budhu A, Schetter AJ, Braun R, Reimers M, Kumamoto K, Hughes D, Altorki NK, Casson AG, Liu CG, Wang XW, Yanaihara N, Hagiwara N, Dannenberg AJ, Miyashita M, Croce CM, Harris CC. MicroRNA expression in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: associations with survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6192-200.
19. Kan T, Meltzer SJ. MicroRNAs in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2009;9:727-32.
20. Maru DM, Singh RR, Hannah C, Albarracin CT, Li YX, Abraham R, Romans AM, Yao H, Luthra MG, Anandasabapathy S, Swisher SG, Hofstetter WL, Rashid A, Luthra R. MicroRNA-196a is a potential marker of progression during Barrett's metaplasia-dysplasia-invasive adenocarcinoma sequence in esophagus. Am J Pathol 2009;174:1940-8.
21. Ogawa R, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, Kimura M, Mitsui A, Katada T, Harata K, Tanaka T, Fujii Y. Expression profiling of micro-RNAs in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma using RT-PCR. Med Mol Morphol 2009;42:102-9.
22. Zhang T, Zhao D, Wang Q, Yu X, Cui Y, Guo L, Lu SH. MicroRNA-1322 regulates ECRG2 allele specifically and acts as a potential biomarker in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2013;52:581-90.
23. Lin RJ, Xiao DW, Liao LD, Chen T, Xie ZF, Huang WZ, Wang WS, Jiang TF, Wu BL, Li EM, Xu LY. MiR-142-3p as a potential prognostic biomarker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2012;105:175-82.
24. Leidner RS, Ravi L, Leahy P, Chen Y, Bednarchik B, Streppel M, Canto M, Wang JS, Maitra A, Willis J, Markowitz SD, Barnholtz-Sloan J, Adams MD, Chak A, Guda K. The microRNAs, MiR-31 -and MiR-375, as candidate markers in Barrett's esophageal carcinogenesis. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012;51:473-9.
25. Hu Y, Correa AM, Hoque A, Guan B, Ye F, Huang J, Swisher SG, Wu TT, Ajani JA, Xu XC. Prognostic significance of differentially expressed miRNAs in esophageal cancer. Int J Cancer 2011;128:132-43.
26. Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Takeshita H, Tsujiura M, Morimura R, Nagata H, Kosuga T, Iitaka D, Konishi H, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2011;105:104-11.
27. Zhang C, Wang C, Chen X, Yang C, Li K, Wang J, Dai J, Hu Z, Zhou X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Qiu H, Xing J, Liang Z, Ren B, Yang C, Zen K, Zhang CY. Expression profile of microRNAs in serum: a fingerprint for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Chem 2010;56:1871-9.
28. Zhang T, Wang Q, Zhao D, Cui Y, Cao B, Guo L, Lu SH. The oncogenetic role of microRNA-31 as a potential biomarker in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Sci (Lond) 2011;121:437-47.
29. Hummel R, Wang T, Watson DI, Michael MZ, Van der Hoek M, Haier J, Hussey DJ. Chemotherapy-induced modification of microRNA expression in esophageal cancer. Oncol Rep 2011;26:1011-7.
30. Imanaka Y, Tsuchiya S, Sato F, Shimada Y, Shimizu K, Tsujimoto G. MicroRNA-141 confers resistance to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by targeting YAP1 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Hum Genet 2011;56:270-6.
31. Zhang H, Li M, Han Y, Hong L, Gong T, Sun L, Zheng X. Down-regulation of miR-27a might reverse multidrug resistance of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2545-51.
32. Hong L, Han Y, Zhang H, Li M, Gong T, Sun L, Wu K, Zhao Q, Fan D. The prognostic and chemotherapeutic value of miR-296 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Surg 2010;251:1056-63.
33. Hamano R, Miyata H, Yamasaki M, Kurokawa Y, Hara J, Moon JH, Nakajima K, Takiguchi S, Fujiwara Y, Mori M, Doki Y. Overexpression of miR-200c induces chemoresistance in esophageal cancers mediated through activation of the Akt signaling pathway. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:3029-38.
34. Hummel R, Watson DI, Smith C, Kist J, Michael MZ, Haier J, Hussey DJ. Mir-148a improves response to chemotherapy in sensitive and resistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma cells. J Gastrointest Surg 2011;15:429-38.
35. Wu Y, Xiao Y, Ding X, Zhuo Y, Ren P, Zhou C, Zhou J. A -miR-200b/200c/429-binding site polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the AP-2alpha gene is associated with cisplatin resistance. PLoS One 2011;6:e29043.
36. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer 2010;127:2893-917.
38. Wu WK, Lee CW, Cho CH, Fan D, Wu K, Yu J, Sung JJ. MicroRNA dysregulation in gastric cancer: a new player enters the game. Oncogene 2010;29:5761-71.
39. Song S, Ajani JA. The role of microRNAs in cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:109-18.
40. Matuszcak C, Haier J, Hummel R, Lindner K. MicroRNAs: promising chemoresistance biomarkers in gastric cancer with diagnostic and therapeutic potential. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:13658-66.
41. Song MY, Pan KF, Su HJ, Zhang L, Ma JL, Li JY, Yuasa Y, Kang D, Kim YS, You WC. Identification of serum microRNAs as novel non-invasive biomarkers for early detection of gastric cancer. PLoS One 2012;7:e33608.
42. Konishi H, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Tsujiura M, Takeshita H, Morimura R, Nagata H, Arita T, Kawaguchi T, Hirashima S, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. Detection of gastric cancer-associated microRNAs on microRNA microarray comparing pre- and post-operative plasma. Br J Cancer 2012;106:740-7.
43. Liu H, Zhu L, Liu B, Yang L, Meng X, Zhang W, Ma Y, Xiao H. Genome-wide microRNA profiles identify miR-378 as a serum biomarker for early detection of gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2012;316:196-203.
44. Liu R, Zhang C, Hu Z, Li G, Wang C, Yang C, Huang D, Chen X, Zhang H, Zhuang R, Deng T, Liu H, Yin J, Wang S, Zen K, Ba Y, Zhang CY. A five-microRNA signature identified from genome-wide serum microRNA expression profiling serves as a fingerprint for gastric cancer diagnosis. Eur J Cancer 2011;47:784-91.
45. Tsujiura M, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, Shiozaki A, Takeshita H, Kosuga T, Konishi H, Morimura R, Deguchi K, Fujiwara H, Okamoto K, Otsuji E. Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 2010;102:1174-9.
46. Zhou H, Guo JM, Lou YR, Zhang XJ, Zhong FD, Jiang Z, Cheng J, Xiao BX. Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood from patients with gastric cancer using microRNA as a marker. J Mol Med (Berl) 2010;88:709-17.
47. Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wu K, Fan D. Survival prediction of gastric cancer by a seven-microRNA signature. Gut 2010;59:579-85.
48. Katada T, Ishiguro H, Kuwabara Y, Kimura M, Mitui A, Mori Y, Ogawa R, Harata K, Fujii Y. microRNA expression profile in undifferentiated gastric cancer. Int J Oncol 2009;34:537-42.
49. Chen L, Jiang M, Yuan W, Tang H. Prognostic value of -miR-93 overexpression in resectable gastric adenocarcinomas. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2012;75:22-7.
50. Bandres E, Bitarte N, Arias F, Agorreta J, Fortes P, Agirre X, Zarate R, Diaz-Gonzalez JA, Ramirez N, Sola JJ, Jimenez P, Rodriguez J, Garcia-Foncillas J. microRNA-451 regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor production and proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:2281-90.
51. Tie J, Pan Y, Zhao L, Wu K, Liu J, Sun S, Guo X, Wang B, Gang Y, Zhang Y, Li Q, Qiao T, Zhao Q, Nie Y, Fan D. MiR-218 inhibits invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer by targeting the Robo1 receptor. PLoS Genet 2010;6:e1000879.
52. Ueda T, Volinia S, Okumura H, Shimizu M, Taccioli C, Rossi S, Alder H, Liu CG, Oue N, Yasui W, Yoshida K, Sasaki H, Nomura S, Seto Y, Kaminishi M, Calin GA, Croce CM. Relation between microRNA expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancer: a microRNA expression analysis. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:136-46.
53. Wang M, Gu H, Wang S, Qian H, Zhu W, Zhang L, Zhao C, Tao Y, Xu W. Circulating miR-17-5p and miR-20a: molecular markers for gastric cancer. Mol Med Rep 2012;5:1514-20.
54. Yang Q, Jie Z, Cao H, Greenlee AR, Yang C, Zou F, Jiang Y. Low-level expression of let-7a in gastric cancer and its involvement in tumorigenesis by targeting RAB40C. Carcinogenesis 2011;32:713-22.
55. Kim CH, Kim HK, Rettig RL, Kim J, Lee ET, Aprelikova O, Choi IJ, Munroe DJ, Green JE. miRNA signature associated with outcome of gastric cancer patients following chemotherapy. BMC Med Genomics 2011;4:79.
56. Chen L, Yang Q, Kong WQ, Liu T, Liu M, Li X, Tang H. MicroRNA-181b targets cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 in gastric adenocarcinomas. IUBMB Life 2012;64:628-35.
57. Hashiguchi Y, Nishida N, Mimori K, Sudo T, Tanaka F, Shibata K, Ishii H, Mochizuki H, Hase K, Doki Y, Mori M. Down-regulation of miR-125a-3p in human gastric cancer and its clinicopathological significance. Int J Oncol 2012;40:1477-82.
58. Zheng B, Liang L, Huang S, Zha R, Liu L, Jia D, Tian Q, Wang Q, Wang C, Long Z, Zhou Y, Cao X, Du C, Shi Y, He X. MicroRNA-409 suppresses tumour cell invasion and metastasis by directly targeting radixin in gastric cancers. Oncogene 2012;31:4509-16.
59. Yang SM, Huang C, Li XF, Yu MZ, He Y, Li J. miR-21 confers cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells by regulating PTEN. Toxicology 2013;306:162-8.
60. Deng H, Guo Y, Song H, Xiao B, Sun W, Liu Z, Yu X, Xia T, Cui L, Guo J. MicroRNA-195 and microRNA-378 mediate tumor growth suppression by epigenetical regulation in gastric cancer. Gene 2013;518:351-9.
61. Shang Y, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Feng B, Ren G, Li K, Zhou L, Sun Y, Li M, Zhou J, An Y, Wu K, Nie Y, Fan D. miR-508-5p regulates multidrug resistance of gastric cancer by targeting ABCB1 and ZNRD1. Oncogene 2014;33:3267-76.
62. Hu J, Fang Y, Cao Y, Qin R, Chen Q. miR-449a Regulates proliferation and chemosensitivity to cisplatin by targeting cyclin D1 and BCL2 in SGC7901 cells. Dig Dis Sci 2014;59:336-45.
63. Zhao X, Yang L, Hu J. Down-regulation of miR-27a might inhibit proliferation and drug resistance of gastric cancer cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011;30:55.
64. Lieberman D. Progress and challenges in colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Gastroenterology 2010;138:2115-26.
65. Ng EK, Chong WW, Jin H, Lam EK, Shin VY, Yu J, Poon TC, Ng SS, Sung JJ. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer: a potential marker for colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2009;58:1375-81.
66. Huang Z, Huang D, Ni S, Peng Z, Sheng W, Du X. Plasma microRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for early detection of colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2010;127:118-26.
67. Cheng H, Zhang L, Cogdell DE, Zheng H, Schetter AJ, Nykter M, Harris CC, Chen K, Hamilton SR, Zhang W. Circulating plasma MiR-141 is a novel biomarker for metastatic colon cancer and predicts poor prognosis. PLoS One 2011;6:e17745.
68. Link A, Balaguer F, Shen Y, Nagasaka T, Lozano JJ, Boland CR, Goel A. Fecal MicroRNAs as novel biomarkers for colon cancer screening. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:1766-74.
69. Koga Y, Yasunaga M, Takahashi A, Kuroda J, Moriya Y, Akasu T, Fujita S, Yamamoto S, Baba H, Matsumura Y. MicroRNA expression profiling of exfoliated colonocytes isolated from feces for colorectal cancer screening. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010;3:1435-42.
70. Kalimutho M, Di Cecilia S, Del Vecchio Blanco G, Roviello F, Sileri P, Cretella M, Formosa A, Corso G, Marrelli D, Pallone F, Federici G, Bernardini S. Epigenetically silenced miR-34b/c as a novel faecal-based screening marker for colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2011;104:1770-8.
71. Schetter AJ, Leung SY, Sohn JJ, Zanetti KA, Bowman ED, Yanaihara N, Yuen ST, Chan TL, Kwong DL, Au GK, Liu CG, Calin GA, Croce CM, Harris CC. MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2008;299:425-36.
72. Shibuya H, Iinuma H, Shimada R, Horiuchi A, Watanabe T. Clinicopathological and prognostic value of microRNA-21 and microRNA-155 in colorectal cancer. Oncology 2010;79:313-20.
73. Kulda V, Pesta M, Topolcan O, Liska V, Treska V, Sutnar A, Rupert K, Ludvikova M, Babuska V, Holubec L Jr, Cerny R. Relevance of miR-21 and miR-143 expression in tissue samples of colorectal carcinoma and its liver metastases. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2010;200:154-60.
74. Nielsen BS, Jorgensen S, Fog JU, Sokilde R, Christensen IJ, Hansen U, Brunner N, Baker A, Moller S, Nielsen HJ. High levels of microRNA-21 in the stroma of colorectal cancers predict short disease-free survival in stage II colon cancer patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011;28:27-38.
75. Diaz R, Silva J, Garcia JM, Lorenzo Y, Garcia V, Pena C, Rodriguez R, Munoz C, Garcia F, Bonilla F, Dominguez G. Deregulated expression of miR-106a predicts survival in human colon cancer patients. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008;47:794-802.
76. Schepeler T, Reinert JT, Ostenfeld MS, Christensen LL, Silahtaroglu AN, Dyrskjot L, Wiuf C, Sorensen FJ, Kruhoffer M, Laurberg S, Kauppinen S, Orntoft TF, Andersen CL. Diagnostic and prognostic microRNAs in stage II colon cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:6416-24.
77. Nishida N, Yokobori T, Mimori K, Sudo T, Tanaka F, Shibata K, Ishii H, Doki Y, Kuwano H, Mori M. MicroRNA miR-125b is a prognostic marker in human colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2011;38:1437-43.
78. Drebber U, Lay M, Wedemeyer I, Vallbohmer D, Bollschweiler E, Brabender J, Monig SP, Holscher AH, Dienes HP, Odenthal M. Altered levels of the onco-microRNA 21 and the tumor-supressor microRNAs 143 and 145 in advanced rectal cancer indicate successful neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Int J Oncol 2011;39:409-15.
79. Akcakaya P, Ekelund S, Kolosenko I, Caramuta S, Ozata DM, Xie H, Lindforss U, Olivecrona H, Lui WO. miR-185 and miR-133b deregulation is associated with overall survival and metastasis in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2011;39:311-8.
80. Karaayvaz M, Pal T, Song B, Zhang C, Georgakopoulos P, Mehmood S, Burke S, Shroyer K, Ju J. Prognostic significance of miR-215 in colon cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2011;10:340-7.
81. Yu G, Tang JQ, Tian ML, Li H, Wang X, Wu T, Zhu J, Huang SJ, Wan YL. Prognostic values of the miR-17-92 cluster and its paralogs in colon cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012;106:232-7.
82. Faber C, Horst D, Hlubek F, Kirchner T. Overexpression of Dicer predicts poor survival in colorectal cancer. Eur J Cancer 2011;47:1414-9.
83. Valeri N, Gasparini P, Braconi C, Paone A, Lovat F, Fabbri M, Sumani KM, Alder H, Amadori D, Patel T, Nuovo GJ, Fishel R, Croce CM. MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil by down-regulating human DNA MutS homolog 2 (hMSH2). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:21098-103.
84. Rossi L, Bonmassar E, Faraoni I. Modification of miR gene expression pattern in human colon cancer cells following exposure to 5-fluorouracil in vitro. Pharmacol Res 2007;56:248-53.
85. Song B, Wang Y, Xi Y, Kudo K, Bruheim S, Botchkina GI, Gavin E, Wan Y, Formentini A, Kornmann M, Fodstad O, Ju J. Mechanism of chemoresistance mediated by miR-140 in human osteosarcoma and colon cancer cells. Oncogene 2009;28:4065-74.
86. Song B, Wang Y, Titmus MA, Botchkina G, Formentini A, Kornmann M, Ju J. Molecular mechanism of chemoresistance by miR-215 in osteosarcoma and colon cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2010;9:96.
87. Mencia N, Selga E, Noe V, Ciudad CJ. Underexpression of miR-224 in methotrexate resistant human colon cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;82:1572-82.
88. Chai H, Liu M, Tian R, Li X, Tang H. miR-20a targets BNIP2 and contributes chemotherapeutic resistance in colorectal adenocarcinoma SW480 and SW620 cell lines. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011;43:217-25.
89. Ibrahim AF, Weirauch U, Thomas M, Grunweller A, Hartmann RK, Aigner A. MicroRNA replacement therapy for miR-145 and miR-33a is efficacious in a model of colon carcinoma. Cancer Res 2011;71:5214-24.
90. Yang JD, Roberts LR. Epidemiology and management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2010;24:899-919, viii.
93. Huang XB, Li J, Zheng L, Zuo GH, Han KQ, Li HY, Liang P. Bioinformatics analysis reveals potential candidate drugs for HCC. Pathol Oncol Res 2013;19:251-8.
94. El-Serag HB. Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology 2002;36:S74-83.
95. Lin CL, Kao JH. Hepatitis B viral factors and clinical outcomes of chronic hepatitis B. J Biomed Sci 2008;15:137-45.
96. Zhu Z, Zhang X, Wang G, Zheng H. Role of MicroRNAs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Hepat Mon 2014;14:e18672.
97. Otsuka M, Kishikawa T, Yoshikawa T, Ohno M, Takata A, Shibata C, Koike K. The role of microRNAs in hepatocarcinogenesis: current knowledge and future prospects. J Gastroenterol 2014;49:173-84.
98. Hung CH, Chiu YC, Chen CH, Hu TH. MicroRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: carcinogenesis, progression, and therapeutic target. Biomed Res Int 2014;2014:486407.
99. Petrelli A, Perra A, Cora D, Sulas P, Menegon S, Manca C, Migliore C, Kowalik MA, Ledda-Columbano GM, Giordano S, Columbano A. MicroRNA/gene profiling unveils early molecular changes and nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (NRF2) activation in a rat model recapitulating human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatology 2014;59:228-41.
100. Xu J, Wu C, Che X, Wang L, Yu D, Zhang T, Huang L, Li H, Tan W, Wang C, Lin D. Circulating microRNAs, miR-21, miR-122, and miR-223, in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or chronic hepatitis. Mol Carcinog 2011;50:136-42.
101. Li J, Wang Y, Yu W, Chen J, Luo J. Expression of serum miR-221 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its prognostic significance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011;406:70-3.
102. Tomimaru Y, Eguchi H, Nagano H, Wada H, Kobayashi S, Marubashi S, Tanemura M, Tomokuni A, Takemasa I, Umeshita K, Kanto T, Doki Y, Mori M. Circulating microRNA-21 as a novel biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol 2012;56:167-75.
103. Li LM, Hu ZB, Zhou ZX, Chen X, Liu FY, Zhang JF, Shen HB, Zhang CY, Zen K. Serum microRNA profiles serve as novel biomarkers for HBV infection and diagnosis of HBV-positive hepatocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2010;70:9798-807.
104. Liu AM, Yao TJ, Wang W, Wong KF, Lee NP, Fan ST, Poon RT, Gao C, Luk JM. Circulating miR-15b and miR-130b in serum as potential markers for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000825.
105. Hou W, Bonkovsky HL. Non-coding RNAs in hepatitis C-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: dysregulation and implications for early detection, diagnosis and therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:7836-45.
106. Qu KZ, Zhang K, Li H, Afdhal NH, Albitar M. Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:355-60.
107. Hu QY, Jiang H, Su J, Jia YQ. MicroRNAs as biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: a diagnostic meta-analysis. Clin Lab 2013;59:1113-20.
109. Janssen HL, Reesink HW, Lawitz EJ, Zeuzem S, Rodriguez-Torres M, Patel K, van der Meer AJ, Patick AK, Chen A, Zhou Y, Persson R, King BD, Kauppinen S, Levin AA, Hodges MR. Treatment of HCV infection by targeting microRNA. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1685-94.
110. Jopling CL, Yi M, Lancaster AM, Lemon SM, Sarnow P. Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA. Science 2005;309:1577-81.
111. Fukuhara T, Matsuura Y. Role of miR-122 and lipid metabolism in HCV infection. J Gastroenterol 2013;48:169-76.
113. de Groen PC, Gores GJ, LaRusso NF, Gunderson LL, Nagorney DM. Biliary tract cancers. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1368-78.
115. Blechacz B, Gores GJ. Cholangiocarcinoma: advances in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Hepatology 2008;48:308-21.
116. Olaru AV, Ghiaur G, Yamanaka S, Luvsanjav D, An F, Popescu I, Alexandrescu S, Allen S, Pawlik TM, Torbenson M, Georgiades C, Roberts LR, Gores GJ, Ferguson-Smith A, Almeida MI, Calin GA, Mezey E, Selaru FM. MicroRNA down-regulated in human cholangiocarcinoma control cell cycle through multiple targets involved in the G1/S checkpoint. Hepatology 2011;54:2089-98.
117. Li L, Masica D, Ishida M, Tomuleasa C, Umegaki S, Kalloo AN, Georgiades C, Singh VK, Khashab M, Amateau S, Li Z, Okolo P, Lennon AM, Saxena P, Geschwind JF, Schlachter T, Hong K, Pawlik TM, Canto M, Law J, Sharaiha R, Weiss CR, Thuluvath P, Goggins M, Shin EJ, Peng H, Kumbhari V, Hutfless S, Zhou L, Mezey E, Meltzer SJ, Karchin R, Selaru FM. Human bile contains microRNA-laden extracellular vesicles that can be used for cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis. Hepatology 2014;60:896-907.
118. Piontek K, Selaru FM. MicroRNAs in the biology and diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma. Semin Liver Dis 2015;35:55-62.
119. Meng F, Henson R, Lang M, Wehbe H, Maheshwari S, Mendell JT, Jiang J, Schmittgen TD, Patel T. Involvement of human micro-RNA in growth and response to chemotherapy in human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines. Gastroenterology 2006;130:2113-29.
120. Kawahigashi Y, Mishima T, Mizuguchi Y, Arima Y, Yokomuro S, Kanda T, Ishibashi O, Yoshida H, Tajiri T, Takizawa T. MicroRNA profiling of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell lines reveals biliary epithelial cell-specific microRNAs. J Nippon Med Sch 2009;76:188-97.
121. Chen X, Chen J, Liu X, Guo Z, Sun X, Zhang J. The real-time dynamic monitoring of microRNA function in cholangiocarcinoma. PLoS One 2014;9:e99431.
122. Karakatsanis A, Papaconstantinou I, Gazouli M, Lyberopoulou A, Polymeneas G, Voros D. Expression of microRNAs, miR-21, miR-31, miR-122, miR-145, miR-146a, miR-200c, miR-221, miR-222, and miR-223 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and its prognostic significance. Mol Carcinog 2013;52:297-303.
123. McNally ME, Collins A, Wojcik SE, Liu J, Henry JC, Jiang J, Schmittgen T, Bloomston M. Concomitant dysregulation of microRNAs miR-151-3p and miR-126 correlates with improved survival in resected cholangiocarcinoma. HPB (Oxford) 2013;15:260-4.
124. Okamoto K, Miyoshi K, Murawaki Y. miR-29b, miR-205 and miR-221 enhance chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in HuH28 human cholangiocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013;8:e77623.
125. Kaur S, Kumar S, Momi N, Sasson AR, Batra SK. Mucins in pancreatic cancer and its microenvironment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;10:607-20.
126. Camacho D, Reichenbach D, Duerr GD, Venema TL, Sweeney JF, Fisher WE. Value of laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer. JOP 2005;6:552-61.
127. Burris HA, 3rd, Moore MJ, Andersen J, Green MR, Rothenberg ML, Modiano MR, Cripps MC, Portenoy RK, Storniolo AM, Tarassoff P, Nelson R, Dorr FA, Stephens CD, Von Hoff DD. Improvements in survival and clinical benefit with gemcitabine as first-line therapy for patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:2403-13.
128. Cardenes HR, Moore AM, Johnson CS, Yu M, Helft P, Chiorean EG, Vinson J, Howard TJ, Stephens AW, Tai DF, Loehrer PJ Sr. A phase II study of gemcitabine in combination with radiation therapy in patients with localized, unresectable, pancreatic cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group study. Am J Clin Oncol 2011;34:460-5.
129. Tang YT, Xu XH, Yang XD, Hao J, Cao H, Zhu W, Zhang SY, Cao JP. Role of non-coding RNAs in pancreatic cancer: the bane of the microworld. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:9405-17.
130. Sun T, Kong X, Du Y, Li Z. Aberrant MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer: Researches and Clinical Implications. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014;2014:386561.
131. Halkova T, Cuperkova R, Minarik M, Benesova L. MicroRNAs in Pancreatic Cancer: Involvement in Carcinogenesis and Potential Use for Diagnosis and Prognosis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2015;2015:892903.
132. Kong X, Du Y, Wang G, Gao J, Gong Y, Li L, Zhang Z, Zhu J, Jing Q, Qin Y, Li Z. Detection of differentially expressed microRNAs in serum of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients: miR-196a could be a potential marker for poor prognosis. Dig Dis Sci 2011;56:602-9.
133. Wang J, Chen J, Chang P, LeBlanc A, Li D, Abbruzzesse JL, Frazier ML, Killary AM, Sen S. MicroRNAs in plasma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients as novel blood-based biomarkers of disease. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009;2:807-13.
134. Li A, Yu J, Kim H, Wolfgang CL, Canto MI, Hruban RH, Goggins M. Serum miR-1290 as a marker of pancreatic cancer--response. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:5252-3.
135. Kawaguchi T, Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Morimura R, Tsujiura M, Konishi H, Takeshita H, Nagata H, Arita T, Hirajima S, Shiozaki A, Ikoma H, Okamoto K, Ochiai T, Taniguchi H, Otsuji E. Clinical impact of circulating miR-221 in plasma of patients with pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2013;108:361-9.
136. Caponi S, Funel N, Frampton AE, Mosca F, Santarpia L, Van der Velde AG, Jiao LR, De Lio N, Falcone A, Kazemier G, Meijer GA, Verheul HM, Vasile E, Peters GJ, Boggi U, Giovannetti E. The good, the bad and the ugly: a tale of miR-101, miR-21 and miR-155 in pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. Ann Oncol 2013;24:734-41.
137. Lubezky N, Loewenstein S, Ben-Haim M, Brazowski E, Marmor S, Pasmanik-Chor M, Oron-Karni V, Rechavi G, Klausner JM, Lahat G. MicroRNA expression signatures in intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas. Surgery 2013;153:663-72.
138. Farrell JJ, Toste P, Wu N, Li L, Wong J, Malkhassian D, Tran LM, Wu X, Li X, Dawson D, Wu H, Donahue TR. Endoscopically acquired pancreatic cyst fluid microRNA 21 and 221 are associated with invasive cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1352-9.
139. Dillhoff M, Liu J, Frankel W, Croce C, Bloomston M. MicroRNA-21 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer and a potential predictor of survival. J Gastrointest Surg 2008;12:2171-6.
140. Jamieson NB, Morran DC, Morton JP, Ali A, Dickson EJ, Carter CR, Sansom OJ, Evans TR, McKay CJ, Oien KA. MicroRNA molecular profiles associated with diagnosis, clinicopathologic criteria, and overall survival in patients with resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2012;18:534-45.
141. Frampton AE, Castellano L, Colombo T, Giovannetti E, Krell J, Jacob J, Pellegrino L, Roca-Alonso L, Funel N, Gall TM, De Giorgio A, Pinho FG, Fulci V, Britton DJ, Ahmad R, Habib NA, Coombes RC, Harding V, Knosel T, Stebbing J, Jiao LR. MicroRNAs cooperatively inhibit a network of tumor suppressor genes to promote pancreatic tumor growth and progression. Gastroenterology 2014;146:268-77.e18.
142. Yu J, Ohuchida K, Mizumoto K, Sato N, Kayashima T, Fujita H, Nakata K, Tanaka M. MicroRNA, hsa-miR-200c, is an independent prognostic factor in pancreatic cancer and its upregulation inhibits pancreatic cancer invasion but increases cell proliferation. Mol Cancer 2010;9:169.
143. Radhakrishnan P, Mohr AM, Grandgenett PM, Steele MM, Batra SK, Hollingsworth MA. MicroRNA-200c modulates the expression of MUC4 and MUC16 by directly targeting their coding sequences in human pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2013;8:e73356.
144. Greither T, Grochola LF, Udelnow A, Lautenschlager C, Wurl P, Taubert H. Elevated expression of microRNAs 155, 203, 210 and 222 in pancreatic tumors is associated with poorer survival. Int J Cancer 2010;126:73-80.
145. Bloomston M, Frankel WL, Petrocca F, Volinia S, Alder H, Hagan JP, Liu CG, Bhatt D, Taccioli C, Croce CM. MicroRNA expression patterns to differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. JAMA 2007;297:1901-8.
146. Lee C, He H, Jiang Y, Di Y, Yang F, Li J, Jin C, Fu D. Elevated expression of tumor miR-222 in pancreatic cancer is associated with Ki67 and poor prognosis. Med Oncol 2013;30:700.
147. Zhu Z, Xu Y, Du J, Tan J, Jiao H. Expression of microRNA-218 in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its correlation with tumor progression and patient survival. J Surg Oncol 2014;109:89-94.
148. Giovannetti E, Funel N, Peters GJ, Del Chiaro M, Erozenci LA, Vasile E, Leon LG, Pollina LE, Groen A, Falcone A, Danesi R, Campani D, Verheul HM, Boggi U. MicroRNA-21 in pancreatic cancer: correlation with clinical outcome and pharmacologic aspects underlying its role in the modulation of gemcitabine activity. Cancer Res 2010;70:4528-38.
149. Hwang JH, Voortman J, Giovannetti E, Steinberg SM, Leon LG, Kim YT, Funel N, Park JK, Kim MA, Kang GH, Kim SW, Del Chiaro M, Peters GJ, Giaccone G. Identification of microRNA-21 as a biomarker for chemoresistance and clinical outcome following adjuvant therapy in resectable pancreatic cancer. PLoS One 2010;5:e10630.
150. Sicard F, Gayral M, Lulka H, Buscail L, Cordelier P. Targeting miR-21 for the therapy of pancreatic cancer. Mol Ther 2013;21:986-94.
151. Ji Q, Hao X, Zhang M, Tang W, Yang M, Li L, Xiang D, Desano JT, Bommer GT, Fan D, Fearon ER, Lawrence TS, Xu L. MicroRNA miR-34 inhibits human pancreatic cancer tumor-initiating cells. PLoS One 2009;4:e6816.
152. Weiss FU, Marques IJ, Woltering JM, Vlecken DH, Aghdassi A, Partecke LI, Heidecke CD, Lerch MM, Bagowski CP. Retinoic acid receptor antagonists inhibit miR-10a expression and block metastatic behavior of pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterology 2009;137:2136-45.e1-7.