REFERENCES
1. Liu, S.; Bai, S.; Wen, Y.; et al. Quadruple-band synglisis enables high thermoelectric efficiency in earth-abundant tin sulfide crystals. Science 2025, 387, 202-8.
2. Xu, S.; Horta, S.; Lawal, A.; Maji, K.; Lorion, M.; Ibáñez, M. Interfacial bonding enhances thermoelectric cooling in 3D-printed materials. Science 2025, 387, 845-50.
3. Chen, W.; Shi, X. L.; Li, M.; et al. Nanobinders advance screen-printed flexible thermoelectrics. Science 2024, 386, 1265-71.
4. Yang, S.; Qiu, P.; Chen, L.; Shi, X. Recent developments in flexible thermoelectric devices. Small. Sci. 2021, 1, 2100005.
5. Yang, Q.; Yang, S.; Qiu, P.; et al. Flexible thermoelectrics based on ductile semiconductors. Science 2022, 377, 854-8.
6. Shi, X. L.; Zou, J.; Chen, Z. G. Advanced thermoelectric design: from materials and structures to devices. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120, 7399-515.
7. Qin, B.; Kanatzidis, M. G.; Zhao, L. D. The development and impact of tin selenide on thermoelectrics. Science 2024, 386, eadp2444.
8. Liu, C.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, Y.; et al. Charge transfer engineering to achieve extraordinary power generation in GeTe-based thermoelectric materials. Sci. Adv. 2023, 9, eadh0713.
9. Gao, T.; Wen, Y.; Bai, S.; et al. Extending the temperature range of the Cmcm phase of SnSe for high thermoelectric performance. Science 2025, 390, 1266-71.
10. Zhou, M.; Su, H.; Pei, J.; et al. Ultrahigh thermoelectricity obtained in classical BiSbTe alloy processed under super-gravity. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 7645.
11. Liu, J. Z.; Jiang, W.; Zhuo, S.; et al. Large-area radiation-modulated thermoelectric fabrics for high-performance thermal management and electricity generation. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadr2158.
12. Zadan, M.; Wertz, A.; Shah, D.; et al. Stretchable thermoelectric generators for self‐powered wearable health monitoring. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2404861.
13. Lee, B.; Cho, H.; Park, K. T.; et al. High-performance compliant thermoelectric generators with magnetically self-assembled soft heat conductors for self-powered wearable electronics. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 5948.
14. Shi, X. L.; Li, N. H.; Li, M.; Chen, Z. G. Toward efficient thermoelectric materials and devices: advances, challenges, and opportunities. Chem. Rev. 2025, 125, 7525-724.
15. Liu, Q.; Shi, X.; Cao, T.; Chen, W.; Li, L.; Chen, Z. Advances and challenges in inorganic bulk-based flexible thermoelectric devices. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 150, 101420.
16. Shi, X. L.; Wang, L.; Lyu, W.; et al. Advancing flexible thermoelectrics for integrated electronics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 9254-305.
17. Xue, Z.; Huang, X.; Lin, W.; et al. Competing grain growth pathways in anisotropic Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric nanoplates. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e10614.
18. Chen, W.; Shi, X.; Yang, Q.; et al. Solvothermally silver doping boosting the thermoelectric performance of polycrystalline Bi2Te3. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 475, 146428.
19. Yuan, X.; Qiu, P.; Sun, C.; et al. Screening thermoelectric materials for high-output performance in wearable electronics. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 5416-23.
20. Zhou, X.; Li, K.; Hou, C.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Y.; Wang, H. Ligand-free multi-scale CuAgSe micro-nanoparticles with a dendritic structure for application as a room temperature thermoelectric material. Adv. Funct. Materials. 2025, 35, 2505741.
21. Antharam, S.; Khan, M. I.; Franke, L.; et al. Milliwatt-scale 3D thermoelectric generators via additive screen printing. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2025, 18, 7648-59.
22. Zhang, Y.; Zhao, L.; Li, J.; et al. Screen-printed large-area wearable graphene-coated cotton fabric-based thermoelectric generator for solar energy harvesting and health monitoring. Compos. Commun. 2025, 58, 102526.
23. Zhang, M.; Li, J.; Liu, Y.; et al. Screen printing high-performance free-standing Ag2Se/carbon composite film for flexible thermoelectric converters. Nano. Energy. 2025, 138, 110836.
24. Lyu, J.; Zhang, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhu, J.; Shi, X.; Chen, Z. Ag2Se-Based thermoelectric materials and devices: progress, challenges, and perspectives. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2026, 19, 3134-83.
25. Zhang, M.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; et al. Screen printing Ag2Se/carbon nanocomposite films for flexible thermoelectric applications. Carbon 2024, 229, 119480.
26. Su, H.; Lin, P.; Lu, H.; Chen, Y. Efficient solar-thermal conversion and thermal energy storage towards personal thermal management and thermoelectric power generation enabled by massive screen printing of carbon nanotube dopped energy storage gels. J. Energy. Storage. 2024, 76, 109782.
27. Liao, Y.; Tian, Y.; Ma, X.; Zhao, M.; Qian, J.; Wang, X. Screen-printed high-performance flexible electrothermal films based on three-dimensional intercalation graphene nanosheets/MWCNT/carbon black composite. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 48077-83.
28. Ma, H.; Lu, T.; Shi, X.; et al. Advancements and challenges in printed thermoelectrics. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2026, 158, 101619.
29. Liu, Y.; Zhang, Q.; Huang, A.; et al. Fully inkjet-printed Ag2Se flexible thermoelectric devices for sustainable power generation. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 2141.
30. Brunetti, I.; James, Pataki. N.; Hinojosa, D. R.; et al. A scalable fully printed organic thermoelectric generator for harsh environments enabled by a stable n‐type polymer. Adv. Mater. Technol. 2025, 10, 2400968.
31. He, Y.; Lin, X.; Feng, Y.; Luo, B.; Liu, M. Carbon nanotube ink dispersed by chitin nanocrystals for thermoelectric converter for self-powering multifunctional wearable electronics. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2022, 9, e2204675.
32. Hong, H.; Jiyong, H.; Moon, K.; Yan, X.; Wong, C. Rheological properties and screen printability of UV curable conductive ink for flexible and washable E-textiles. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2021, 67, 145-55.
33. Ruamruk, S.; Chayasombat, B.; Singsoog, K.; Seetawan, T. Thermoelectric properties of Sb2Te3 ink fabricated by screen-printing technique. J. Electron. Mater. 2024, 53, 4111-9.
34. Varghese, T.; Dun, C.; Kempf, N.; et al. Flexible thermoelectric devices of ultrahigh power factor by scalable printing and interface engineering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2020, 30, 1905796.
35. Xiao, Z.; Meng, Q.; Du, Y.; et al. High-performance Ag2Se/methyl cellulose thermoelectric composites for flexible power generators. Energy. Mater. Adv. 2024, 5, 0103.
36. Zhang, M.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; et al. Scalable printing high-performance and self-healable Ag2Se/terpineol nanocomposite film for flexible thermoelectric device. Energy 2024, 296, 131232.
37. Choi, H.; Kim, S. J.; Kim, Y.; We, J. H.; Oh, M.; Cho, B. J. Enhanced thermoelectric properties of screen-printed Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 and Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 thick films using a post annealing process with mechanical pressure. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2017, 5, 8559-65.
38. Kim, S. J.; Choi, H.; Kim, Y.; et al. Post ionized defect engineering of the screen-printed Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 thick film for high performance flexible thermoelectric generator. Nano. Energy. 2017, 31, 258-63.
39. Han, C.; Tan, G.; Varghese, T.; Kanatzidis, M. G.; Zhang, Y. High-performance PbTe thermoelectric films by scalable and low-cost printing. ACS. Energy. Lett. 2018, 3, 818-22.
40. Yuan, Z.; Tang, X.; Xu, Z.; et al. Screen-printed radial structure micro radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Appl. Energy. 2018, 225, 746-54.
41. Feng, J.; Zhu, W.; Deng, Y.; Song, Q.; Zhang, Q. Enhanced antioxidation and thermoelectric properties of the flexible screen-printed Bi2Te3 films through interface modification. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2019, 2, 2828-36.
42. Yuan, Z.; Tang, X.; Cabot, A.; et al. High-performance micro-radioisotope thermoelectric generator with large-scale integration of multilayer annular arrays through screen printing and stacking coupling. Energy. Tech. 2021, 9, 2001047.
43. Feng, J.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, Z.; Cao, L.; Yu, Y.; Deng, Y. Enhanced electrical transport properties via defect control for screen-printed Bi2Te3 films over a wide temperature range. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 16630-8.
44. Mallick, M. M.; Franke, L.; Rösch, A. G.; et al. High figure-of-merit telluride-based flexible thermoelectric films through interfacial modification via millisecond photonic-curing for fully printed thermoelectric generators. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2022, 9, e2202411.
45. Hu, Y.; Nie, X.; Ke, S.; et al. Tuning thermoelectric conversion performance of BiSbTe/epoxy flexible films with dot magnetic arrays. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2023, 15, 7112-9.
46. Ke, S.; Liang, D.; Nie, X.; et al. Multi-beam spark plasma sintering and excellent performance of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3/epoxy thermoelectric films with insulating substrates. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2023, 16, 5434-43.
47. Shi, J.; Wu, X.; Geng, X.; et al. Anisotropy engineering in solution-derived nanostructured Bi2Te3 thin films for high-performance flexible thermoelectric devices. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 458, 141450.
48. Tanvir, A. N. M.; Bappy, M. O.; Zeng, M.; et al. High-performance thermoelectric composites via scalable and low-cost ink processing. Energy. Environ. Sci. 2024, 17, 4560-8.
49. Jiang, C.; Ding, Y.; Cai, K.; et al. Ultrahigh performance of n-type Ag2Se films for flexible thermoelectric power generators. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 9646-55.
50. Mallick, M. M.; Rösch, A. G.; Franke, L.; et al. High-performance Ag-Se-based n-type printed thermoelectric materials for high power density folded generators. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020, 12, 19655-63.
51. Mallick, M. M.; Rösch, A. G.; Franke, L.; et al. New frontier in printed thermoelectrics: formation of β-Ag2Se through thermally stimulated dissociative adsorption leads to high ZT. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2020, 8, 16366-75.
52. Franke, L.; Georg, Rösch. A.; Khan, M. I.; et al. High power density Ag2Se/Sb1.5Bi0.5Te3 ‐based fully printed origami thermoelectric module for low‐grade thermal energy harvesting. Adv. Funct. Materials. 2024, 34, 2403646.
53. Jia, L.; Ai, W.; Gao, J.; et al. Optimization of power factor for a screen-printed silver selenide-based flexible thermoelectric film by hot pressing. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2024, 7, 5721-7.
54. Zhang, D.; Li, L.; Zhang, X.; et al. In situ synthesized staggered‐layer‐boosted flexible Ag2Se and Cu2Se thin films for wearable thermoelectric power generators. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2419392.
55. Qin, J.; Du, Y.; Meng, Q.; Ke, Q. Flexible thermoelectric Cu-Se nanowire/methyl cellulose composite films prepared via screen printing technology. Compos. Commun. 2023, 38, 101467.
56. Paulraj, I.; Lourdhusamy, V.; Liu, C. Significantly enhanced thermoelectric properties of screen-printed Cu0.6Ni0.4 films for thermoelectric generators. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 2025, 188, 109252.
57. Shankar, M. R.; Prabhu, A. N.; Nayak, R. A co-doping strategy for p- to n-type transition and performance boost in SnSe-based flexible thermoelectric generators. Sustainable. Energy. Fuels. 2025, 9, 5635-47.
58. He, P.; Cao, J.; Ding, H.; et al. Screen-printing of a highly conductive graphene ink for flexible printed electronics. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 32225-34.
59. Nayak, R.; Shetty, P.; M, S.; Rao, A.; Rao, K. Formulation of new screen printable PANI and PANI/Graphite based inks: printing and characterization of flexible thermoelectric generators. Energy 2022, 238, 121680.
60. Willert, A.; Tran‐le, A.; Mitra, K. Y.; et al. Printing techniques for batteries. In: Lanceros‐Méndez S, Costa CM, editors. Printed batteries. Wiley; 2018. pp. 21-62.
61. Guo, K.; Zhang, G.; Long, Y.; et al. Modifying precursor solutions to obtain screen-printable inks for tungsten oxides electrochromic film preparation. Coatings 2021, 11, 872.
62. Rubio, J. C.; Bolduc, M. Screen printing for energy storage and functional electronics: a review. Electron. Mater. 2025, 6, 7.
63. Du, M.; Shi, X. L.; Du, Y.; Zhang, T.; Chen, Z. G. Solution-based 3D printing of thermoelectrics: advances and opportunities. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2025, 12, e14259.
64. Suresh, R. R.; Lakshmanakumar, M.; Arockia, Jayalatha. J. B. B.; et al. Fabrication of screen-printed electrodes: opportunities and challenges. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 8951-9006.
65. Mensing, J. P.; Lomas, T.; Tuantranont, A. 2D and 3D printing for graphene based supercapacitors and batteries: a review. Sustain. Mater. Techno. 2020, 25, e00190.
66. Zhang, X.; Hou, Y.; Yang, Y.; et al. Stamp-like energy harvester and programmable information encrypted display based on fully printable thermoelectric devices. Adv. Mater. 2023, 35, e2207723.
67. Yuan, J.; Shi, X.; Wang, D.; et al. Tuning the saturated vapor pressure of solvothermal synthesis to boost the thermoelectric performance of pristine Bi2Te3 polycrystals by anisotropy strengthening. ACS. Appl. Energy. Mater. 2023, 6, 6227-36.
68. Pan, Y.; Wei, T.; Cao, Q.; Li, J. Mechanically enhanced p- and n-type Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric materials reprocessed from commercial ingots by ball milling and spark plasma sintering. Mat. Sci. Eng. B-Adv. 2015, 197, 75-81.
69. Back, S. Y.; Meikle, S.; Mori, T. Comprehensive study of α-MgAgSb: microstructure, carrier transport properties, and thermoelectric performance under ball milling techniques. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2025, 227, 57-66.
70. Chen, Y. X.; Shi, X. L.; Zhang, J. Z.; et al. Deviceization of high-performance and flexible Ag2Se films for electronic skin and servo rotation angle control. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 8356.
71. Zheng, Z.; Shi, X.; Ao, D.; et al. Harvesting waste heat with flexible Bi2Te3 thermoelectric thin film. Nat. Sustain. 2023, 6, 180-91.
72. Yang, D.; Shi, X. L.; Li, M.; et al. Flexible power generators by Ag2Se thin films with record-high thermoelectric performance. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 923.
73. Lei, Y.; Qi, R.; Chen, M.; et al. Microstructurally tailored thin β-Ag2Se films toward commercial flexible thermoelectrics. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2104786.
74. Hu, B.; Shi, X. L.; Cao, T.; et al. Realizing high performance in flexible Mg3Sb2-xBix thin-film thermoelectrics. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2025, 12, e2502683.
76. Zhou, S.; Shi, X. L.; Li, L.; et al. Advances and outlooks for carbon nanotube-based thermoelectric materials and devices. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2500947.
77. Kayser, L. V.; Lipomi, D. J. Stretchable conductive polymers and composites based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, e1806133.
78. Fan, X.; Nie, W.; Tsai, H.; et al. PEDOT:PSS for flexible and stretchable electronics: modifications, strategies, and applications. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2019, 6, 1900813.
79. Li, J.; Cao, J.; Lu, B.; Gu, G. 3D-printed PEDOT:PSS for soft robotics. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2023, 8, 604-22.
80. Xia, B.; Shi, X.; Zhang, L.; et al. Vertically designed high-performance and flexible thermoelectric generator based on optimized PEDOT:PSS/SWCNTs composite films. Chem. Eng. J. 2024, 486, 150305.
81. Hong, M.; Sun, S.; Lyu, W.; et al. Advances in printing techniques for thermoelectric materials and devices. Soft. Sci. 2023, 3, 29.
82. Kapur, N.; Abbott, S. J.; Dolden, E. D.; Gaskell, P. H. Predicting the behavior of screen printing. IEEE. Trans. Compon. Packag. Manufact. Technol. 2013, 3, 508-15.
83. Nayak, R.; Shetty, P.; M, S.; et al. Formulation and optimization of copper selenide/PANI hybrid screen printing ink for enhancing the power factor of flexible thermoelectric generator: a synergetic approach. Ceram. Int. 2024, 50, 25779-91.
84. Sattar, M.; Lee, Y. J.; Kim, H.; et al. Flexible thermoelectric wearable architecture for wireless continuous physiological monitoring. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 37401-17.
85. Yuan, Z.; Tang, X.; Liu, Y.; et al. Improving the performance of a screen-printed micro-radioisotope thermoelectric generator through stacking integration. J. Power. Sources. 2019, 414, 509-16.
86. Hou, Y.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z.; et al. Programmable and surface-conformable origami design for thermoelectric devices. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2024, 11, e2309052.
87. Zhang, Z.; Qiu, J.; Wang, S. Roll-to-roll printing of flexible thin-film organic thermoelectric devices. Manuf. Lett. 2016, 8, 6-10.
88. Shankar, M. R.; Prabhu, A.; Nayak, R. Flexible and eco-friendly thermoelectric generators enabled by Bi and Se co-doped SnTe inks for energy harvesting. Ceram. Int. 2025, 51, 58978-89.
89. Almeida, M. A. S.; Pires, A. L.; Ramirez, J. L.; et al. Touch empowerment: self-sustaining e-tattoo thermoelectric system for temperature mapping. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2025, 12, e2403775.







