REFERENCES
2. Sen, C. K. Human wounds and its burden: an updated compendium of estimates. Adv. Wound. Care. 2019, 8, 39-48.
4. Strecker-McGraw, M. K.; Jones, T. R.; Baer, D. G. Soft tissue wounds and principles of healing. Emerg. Med. Clin. North. Am. 2007, 25, 1-22.
5. Cao, X.; Wu, X.; Zhang, Y.; Qian, X.; Sun, W.; Zhao, Y. Emerging biomedical technologies for scarless wound healing. Bioact. Mater. 2024, 42, 449-77.
6. Jonidi Shariatzadeh, F.; Currie, S.; Logsetty, S.; Spiwak, R.; Liu, S. Enhancing wound healing and minimizing scarring: a comprehensive review of nanofiber technology in wound dressings. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2025, 147, 101350.
7. Schultz, G. S.; Davidson, J. M.; Kirsner, R. S.; Bornstein, P.; Herman, I. M. Dynamic reciprocity in the wound microenvironment. Wound. Repair. Regen. 2011, 19, 134-48.
8. Barrientos, S.; Stojadinovic, O.; Golinko, M. S.; Brem, H.; Tomic-Canic, M. Growth factors and cytokines in wound healing. Wound. Repair. Regen. 2008, 16, 585-601.
10. Eming, S. A.; Krieg, T.; Davidson, J. M. Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2007, 127, 514-25.
11. Li, J.; Xie, Y.; Liu, G.; et al. Bioelectret materials and their bioelectric effects for tissue repair: a review. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2024, 16, 38852-79.
12. Zhou, Y.; Ma, X.; Yu, C.; et al. A wearable self-charging electroceutical device for bacteria-infected wound healing. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 15681-94.
13. Lv, Y.; Li, Y.; Pan, Y.; et al. Progress in the application of conductive hydrogels in wound healing: a review. Nanoscale. Adv. 2026, 8, 1490-507.
14. Luo, R.; Dai, J.; Zhang, J.; Li, Z. Accelerated skin wound healing by electrical stimulation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2021, 10, e2100557.
15. Zhao, M.; Song, B.; Pu, J.; et al. Electrical signals control wound healing through phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma and PTEN. Nature 2006, 442, 457-60.
16. Wu, Y.; Lu, Y.; Wu, C.; et al. Conductive dual hydrogen bonding hydrogels for the electrical stimulation of infected chronic wounds. J. Mater. Chem. B. 2021, 9, 8138-46.
17. Liu, Z.; Wei, W.; Tremblay, P. L.; Zhang, T. Electrostimulation of fibroblast proliferation by an electrospun poly (lactide-co-glycolide)/polydopamine/chitosan membrane in a humid environment. Colloids. Surf. B. Biointerfaces. 2022, 220, 112902.
18. Li, P.; Xu, J.; Shi, Q.; et al. Pulse capacitive coupling electric field regulates cell migration, proliferation, polarization, and vascularization to accelerate wound healing. Adv. Wound. Care. 2023, 12, 498-512.
19. Wang, E.; Xu, L.; Luo, L.; et al. Tissue-fluid-driven symbiotic electronic textile accelerates and guides tissue self-healing. Cell. Biomater. 2026.
20. Kläning, E.; Christensen, B.; Sørensen, E. S.; Vorup-Jensen, T.; Jensen, J. K. Osteopontin binds multiple calcium ions with high affinity and independently of phosphorylation status. Bone 2014, 66, 90-5.
21. Pailler-Mattei, C.; Bec, S.; Zahouani, H. In vivo measurements of the elastic mechanical properties of human skin by indentation tests. Med. Eng. Phys. 2008, 30, 599-606.
22. Lee, H.; Scherer, N. F.; Messersmith, P. B. Single-molecule mechanics of mussel adhesion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103, 12999-3003.
23. Tang, P.; Han, L.; Li, P.; et al. Mussel-inspired electroactive and antioxidative scaffolds with incorporation of polydopamine-reduced graphene oxide for enhancing skin wound healing. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2019, 11, 7703-14.
24. Kim, B.; Park, J.; Lee, J. Y. Conductive double-network hydrogel composed of sodium alginate, polyacrylamide, and reduced graphene oxide. Korean. J. Chem. Eng. 2023, 40, 352-60.
25. Wang, G.; Yang, F.; Zhou, W.; Xiao, N.; Luo, M.; Tang, Z. The initiation of oxidative stress and therapeutic strategies in wound healing. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2023, 157, 114004.
26. Sánchez-Abella, L.; Ruiz, V.; Pérez-San Vicente, A.; Grande, H.; Loinaz, I.; Dupin, D. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive biocompatible polyethylene glycol nanocomposite hydrogels with different graphene derivatives. J. Mater. Sci. 2021, 56, 10041-52.
27. Cong, Y.; Fu, J. Hydrogel-tissue interface interactions for implantable flexible bioelectronics. Langmuir 2022, 38, 11503-13.
28. Tang, H.; Li, Y.; Liao, S.; Liu, H.; Qiao, Y.; Zhou, J. Multifunctional conductive hydrogel interface for bioelectronic recording and stimulation. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2024, 13, e2400562.
29. Xu, Z.; Fan, J.; Tian, W.; et al. Cellulose‐based pH‐responsive Janus dressing with unidirectional moisture drainage for exudate management and diabetic wounds healing. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2307449.
30. Yu, R.; Zhang, H.; Guo, B. Conductive biomaterials as bioactive wound dressing for wound healing and skin tissue engineering. Nanomicro. Lett. 2021, 14, 1.
31. Martin-Granados, C.; McCaig, C. D. Harnessing the electric spark of life to cure skin wounds. Adv. Wound. Care. 2014, 3, 127-38.
32. Qin, Y.; Wang, Y.; Sun, X.; et al. Constant electricity generation in nanostructured silicon by evaporation-driven water flow. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2020, 59, 10619-25.
33. Zhao, G.; Zhu, H. Cation-π interactions in graphene-containing systems for water treatment and beyond. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, e1905756.
34. Wang, K.; Zhang, J. Electric field regulation in wound healing: from endogenous mechanisms to self-powered wearable device applications. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices. 2026, 11, 101177.
35. Fan, L.; Dai, Z.; Bai, X.; et al. (K,Na)NbO3-based lead-free ceramic/polyvinylidene fluoride piezoelectric composite for biomimetic wound healing via endogenous electric field simulation. Biomater. Adv. 2026, 186, 214909.
36. Zhou, Q.; Dai, H.; Yan, Y.; et al. From short circuit to completed circuit: conductive hydrogel facilitating oral wound healing. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2024, 13, e2303143.
37. Finnerty, C. C.; Jeschke, M. G.; Branski, L. K.; Barret, J. P.; Dziewulski, P.; Herndon, D. N. Hypertrophic scarring: the greatest unmet challenge after burn injury. Lancet 2016, 388, 1427-36.
38. Xue, M.; Jackson, C. J. Extracellular matrix reorganization during wound healing and its impact on abnormal scarring. Adv. Wound. Care. 2015, 4, 119-36.
39. Korntner, S.; Lehner, C.; Gehwolf, R.; et al. Limiting angiogenesis to modulate scar formation. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2019, 146, 170-89.
40. Veith, A. P.; Henderson, K.; Spencer, A.; Sligar, A. D.; Baker, A. B. Therapeutic strategies for enhancing angiogenesis in wound healing. Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev. 2019, 146, 97-125.
41. Shi, A.; Li, J.; Qiu, X.; et al. TGF-β loaded exosome enhances ischemic wound healing in vitro and in vivo. Theranostics 2021, 11, 6616-31.
42. Zhang, J.; Zheng, Y.; Lee, J.; et al. A pulsatile release platform based on photo-induced imine-crosslinking hydrogel promotes scarless wound healing. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 1670.
43. Chen, F.; Wu, M.; Dong, Q.; et al. Arbitrarily shapeable and conductive hydrogel with “Magic Cube” like structure for real-time monitoring and promoting wound healing. Compos. Part. B. Eng. 2022, 238, 109903.
44. Kekonen, A.; Bergelin, M.; Eriksson, J. E.; Vaalasti, A.; Ylänen, H.; Viik, J. Bioimpedance measurement based evaluation of wound healing. Physiol. Meas. 2017, 38, 1373-83.
45. Hao, F.; Wang, L.; Chen, B.; Qiu, L.; Nie, J.; Ma, G. Bifunctional smart hydrogel dressing with strain sensitivity and NIR-responsive performance. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 46938-50.
46. Zhao, Y.; Li, Z.; Song, S.; et al. Skin‐inspired antibacterial conductive hydrogels for epidermal sensors and diabetic foot wound dressings. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1901474.
47. Jiang, J.; Zhao, L. Halometallate ionic liquid dynamically regulates zwitterionic hydrogels by synergistic multiple‐bond networks. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, 35, 2417688.
48. Shi, Y.; Guan, Y.; Liu, M.; et al. Tough, antifreezing, and piezoelectric organohydrogel as a flexible wearable sensor for human-machine interaction. ACS. Nano. 2024, 18, 3720-32.
49. Chen, Q.; Li, S.; Li, K.; Zhao, W.; Zhao, C. A skin stress shielding platform based on body temperature-induced shrinking of hydrogel for promoting scar-less wound healing. Adv. Sci. 2024, 11, e2306018.
50. Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Lian, L.; et al. Flexible accelerated‐wound‐healing antibacterial MXene‐based epidermic sensor for intelligent wearable human‐machine interaction. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2208141.
51. Koller, T. Mechanosensitive aspects of cell biology in manual scar therapy for deep dermal defects. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 2055.





