fig3

Figure 3. (A) An anisotropic ML device fabricated by one-step direct write 3D printing. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[65]. Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry; (B) A hierarchical ML device with programmed luminescent behaviors prepared via extrusion-based 3D printing. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[66]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (C) The ML structure fabricated via vat photopolymerization 3D printing. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[68]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (D) The ML structure prepared via 3D nanoprinting. Reprinted with permission from Ref.^[60]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. ML: Mechanoluminescence.