fig5

Figure 5. Regenerative rehabilitation synergistic strategies mediated by endogenous piezoelectric micro-electric fields. (A) Therapeutic mechanism in vivo: the injectable scaffold fills the cartilage defect. During daily joint movement, the surface PMPC layer provides lubrication to dissipate shear stress. Concurrently, the piezoelectric signals under compressive load synergistically prevent chondrocyte senescence and enhance cell proliferation and differentiation for osteochondral recovery; (B) Piezoelectric output of GelMA hydrogels doped with different concentrations of PLLA short fibers; (C) The voltage output; (D) Representative H&E, Toluidine Blue (TB), and Safranin O-Fast Green (SO/FG) staining images of regenerated tissues at 4 and 8 weeks (N: newly generated tissue). The figure is reprinted from Ref.^[87] with permission. PMPC: PLLA: