fig1

Figure 1. 1998: Representative scanning electron image of a nanostructured Ti-based implant (right) that improves osteoblast function compared to current implants (left). Magnification = 40KX. Such work led to the first issued patent using nanomaterials to promote bone growth which was eventually licensed to and formed Nanovis in 2006 with nano-textured implants now in over 40,000 humans^[1-3].