REFERENCES
2. He X, Zhang Z, Johansson U, et al. Metabolic impact of reduced-protein Nordic diet-based complementary feeding: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026;123:101238.
3. Ciampa A, Danesi F, Picone G. NMR-based metabolomics for a more holistic and sustainable research in food quality assessment: a narrative review. Applied Sciences. 2023;13:372.
4. Fine KS, Wilkins JT, Sawicki KT. Circulating branched chain amino acids and cardiometabolic disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13:e031617.
5. Le Couteur DG, Solon-Biet SM, Cogger VC, et al. Branched chain amino acids, aging and age-related health. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101198.
6. Ruiz-Canela M, Guasch-Ferré M, Toledo E, et al. Plasma branched chain/aromatic amino acids, enriched Mediterranean diet and risk of type 2 diabetes: case-cohort study within the PREDIMED Trial. Diabetologia. 2018;61:1560-71.
7. Sawicki KT, Ning H, Allen NB, et al. Longitudinal trajectories of branched chain amino acids through young adulthood and diabetes in later life. JCI Insight. 2023;8:e166956.
8. Decker ST, Matias AA, Bannon ST, Madden JP, Alexandrou-Majaj N, Layec G. Effects of cigarette smoke on in situ mitochondrial substrate oxidation of slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles. Life Sci. 2023;315:121376.
9. Simon L, Molina PE. Cellular bioenergetics: experimental evidence for alcohol-induced adaptations. Function. 2022;3:zqac039.
10. Lee S, Gulseth HL, Langleite TM, et al. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and liver fat response to exercise training in sedentary dysglycaemic and normoglycaemic men. Diabetologia. 2021;64:410-23.
11. Lim YJ, van Dam RM. Impact of comprehensive lifestyle interventions on plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025;122:1829-35.
12. Li T, Wu J, Zhou SY, et al. Neuroprotective effects of time-restricted feeding combined with different protein sources in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mice model and its modulatory impact on gut microbiota metabolism. Adv Sci. 2026;13:e16502.
13. Jiang H, Zhang L, Yang M, et al. Branched-chain amino acids promote thrombocytopoiesis by activating mTOR signaling. J Thromb Haemost. 2023;21:3224-35.
14. Li Z, Xia H, Sharp TE 3rd, et al. Mitochondrial H2S regulates BCAA catabolism in heart failure. Circ Res. 2022;131:222-35.
15. Sudlow C, Gallacher J, Allen N, et al. UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age. PLoS Med. 2015;12:e1001779.
16. Sun BB, Chiou J, Traylor M, et al. ; Alnylam Human Genetics, AstraZeneca Genomics Initiative, Biogen Biobank Team, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Genomic Sciences, Pfizer Integrative Biology, Population Analytics of Janssen Data Sciences, Regeneron Genetics Center. Plasma proteomic associations with genetics and health in the UK Biobank. Nature. 2023;622:329-38.
17. Julkunen H, Cichońska A, Tiainen M, et al. Atlas of plasma NMR biomarkers for health and disease in 118,461 individuals from the UK Biobank. Nat Commun. 2023;14:604.
18. Liu B, Young H, Crowe FL, et al. Development and evaluation of the Oxford WebQ, a low-cost, web-based method for assessment of previous 24 h dietary intakes in large-scale prospective studies. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:1998-2005.
19. Cole JB, Westerman KE, Manning AK, Florez JC, Hirschhorn JN. Genetic heritability as a tool to evaluate the precision of 24-hour recall dietary questionnaire variables in UK Biobank. Front Genet. 2022;13:1070511.
20. Perez-Cornago A, Pollard Z, Young H, et al. Description of the updated nutrition calculation of the Oxford WebQ questionnaire and comparison with the previous version among 207,144 participants in UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:4019-30.
21. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. ; American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735-52.
23. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:1451-62.
24. UKBiobank. Blood pressure. In; 2019. Available from: https://biobank.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/crystal/ukb/docs/Bloodpressure.pdf. [Last accessed on 4 Aug 2026].
25. Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. ; Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration. New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1737-49.
26. Hastie T, Tibshirani R, Narasimhan B, Chu G. Impute: imputation for microarray data. Available from: https://bioc.r-universe.dev/impute. [Last accessed on 4 Aug 2026].
27. Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A. Health and deprivation inequality and the north. 1st ed. London: Routledge; 2023. pp. 30-40.
28. Kanehisa M, Goto S. KEGG: kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000;28:27-30.
29. The Gene Ontology Consortium. The Gene Ontology Resource: 20 years and still GOing strong. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47:D330-8.
30. Rousseau M, Guénard F, Garneau V, et al. Associations between dietary protein sources, plasma BCAA and short-chain acylcarnitine levels in adults. Nutrients. 2019;11:173.
31. Gorissen SHM, Crombag JJR, Senden JMG, et al. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids. 2018;50:1685-95.
32. Bo T, Fujii J. Primary roles of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their metabolism in physiology and metabolic disorders. Molecules. 2024;30:56.
33. Zugravu CA, Petre M, Constantin C. Traditional food systems as nutrient optimization architectures: mechanisms of bioavailability and dietary resilience. Nutrients. 2026;18:1448.
34. Chen H, Nie Q, Hu J, Huang X, Yin J, Nie S. Multiomics approach to explore the amelioration mechanisms of glucomannans on the metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetic rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2021;69:2632-45.
35. Lan H, Wang H, Chen C, et al. Flavonoids and gastrointestinal health: single molecule for multiple roles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2024;64:10987-1005.
36. Osborn LJ, Schultz K, Massey W, et al. A gut microbial metabolite of dietary polyphenols reverses obesity-driven hepatic steatosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119:e2202934119.
37. Neuenschwander M, Stadelmaier J, Eble J, et al. Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Med. 2023;21:404.
38. Hamaya R, Mora S, Lawler PR, et al. Association of modifiable lifestyle factors with plasma branched-chain amino acid metabolites in women. J Nutr. 2022;152:1515-24.
39. Blair MC, Neinast MD, Jang C, et al. Branched-chain amino acid catabolism in muscle affects systemic BCAA levels but not insulin resistance. Nat Metab. 2023;5:589-606.
40. Fluhr L, Mor U, Kolodziejczyk AA, et al. Gut microbiota modulates weight gain in mice after discontinued smoke exposure. Nature. 2021;600:713-9.
41. Thimme Gowda C, Siraganahalli Eshwaraiah M, Wang J, et al. The AKAP12-PKA axis regulates lipid homeostasis during alcohol-associated liver disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025;10:109.
42. Miyake A, Iida M, Harada S, et al. Longitudinal study of plasma metabolites during menopause and their associations with later onset of metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2026;111:e1672-80.
43. Karppinen JE, Törmäkangas T, Kujala UM, et al. Menopause modulates the circulating metabolome: evidence from a prospective cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2022;29:1448-59.
44. Wang X, Gao L, Xiong J, et al. The life-course changes in muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: the China BCL study and the US NHANES study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024;15:1687-95.
45. Matz-Soja M, Berg T, Kietzmann T. Sex-related variations in liver homeostasis and disease: From zonation dynamics to clinical implications. J Hepatol. 2026;84:181-93.
46. Ma QX, Zhu WY, Lu XC, et al. BCAA-BCKA axis regulates WAT browning through acetylation of PRDM16. Nat Metab. 2022;4:106-22.
47. Cuomo P, Capparelli R, Iannelli A, Iannelli D. Role of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:4325.
48. Deng X, Tang C, Fang T, et al. Disruption of branched-chain amino acid homeostasis promotes the progression of DKD via enhancing inflammation and fibrosis-associated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Metabolism. 2025;162:156037.
49. Lin JS, Petrera A, Hauck SM, Müller CL, Peters A, Thorand B. Associations of proteomics with hypertension and systolic blood pressure: KORA S4/F4/FF4 and KORA Age1/Age2 cohort studies. Hypertension. 2024;81:1156-66.
50. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Clegg DJ, Hevener AL. The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 2013;34:309-38.
51. Baragetti A, Mattavelli E, Grigore L, Pellegatta F, Magni P, Catapano AL. Targeted plasma proteomics to predict the development of carotid plaques. Stroke. 2022;53:e411-4.
52. Widiapradja A, Chunduri P, Levick SP. The role of neuropeptides in adverse myocardial remodeling and heart failure. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74:2019-38.
53. Karhunen V, Daghlas I, Zuber V, et al. Leveraging human genetic data to investigate the cardiometabolic effects of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide signalling. Diabetologia. 2021;64:2773-8.
54. Wei Y, Walcott G, Nguyen T, et al. Follistatin from hiPSC-cardiomyocytes promotes myocyte proliferation in pigs with postinfarction LV remodeling. Circ Res. 2025;136:161-76.
55. Pereira S, Cline DL, Glavas MM, Covey SD, Kieffer TJ. Tissue-specific effects of leptin on glucose and lipid metabolism. Endocr Rev. 2021;42:1-28.
56. Flynn NE, Shaw MH, Becker JT. Amino acids in health and endocrine function. In: Wu G, Editor. Amino acids in nutrition and health. Cham: Springer; 2020. pp. 97-109.
57. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Leptin, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018;39:1176-88.
58. Hanai K, Babazono T, Mugishima M, et al. Association of serum leptin levels with progression of diabetic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2557-9.
59. Cambier S, Gouwy M, Proost P. The chemokines CXCL8 and CXCL12: molecular and functional properties, role in disease and efforts towards pharmacological intervention. Cell Mol Immunol. 2023;20:217-51.
60. Sundberg EL, Deng Y, Burd CG. Syndecan-1 mediates sorting of soluble lipoprotein lipase with sphingomyelin-rich membrane in the Golgi apparatus. Dev Cell. 2019;51:387-98.e4.
61. Sedzro JC, Photenhauer AL, Birkle F, et al. Cryo-EM structure of the tissue factor/factor VIIa complex with a factor X mimetic reveals a novel allosteric mechanism. Blood. 2025;146:2833-42.






