REFERENCES

1. Jara M, Norlin J, Kjær MS, et al. Modulation of metabolic, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways by semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Nat Med. 2025;31:3128-40.

2. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73-84.

3. Mantovani A, Byrne CD, Bonora E, Targher G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:372-82.

4. Targher G, Tilg H, Byrne CD. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:578-88.

5. Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Gut. 2020;69:1691-705.

6. Tacke F, Horn P, Wong VW-S, et al. Publisher correction: EASL–EASD–EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): executive summary. Diabetologia. 2024;67:2608.

7. Lazarus JV, Pessoa MG, Shawcross DL, Schwarz P, Su GL, Barquera S. Name MASLD/MASH - and act on it. JHEP Rep. 2026;8:101674.

8. Crespo J, Iruzubieta P, Fernández Rodríguez CM. The liver as a thermometer of cardiometabolic health: time to prioritize MASLD in global health policy. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2025;117:709-11.

9. Smits MM, Holst JJ. Endogenous glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 as alternative for GLP-1 receptor agonists: could this work and how? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2023;39:e3699.

10. Kirk RK, Pyke C, von Herrath MG, et al. Immunohistochemical assessment of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in the pancreas of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:705-12.

11. da Silva Lima N, Cabaleiro A, Novoa E, et al. GLP-1 and GIP agonism has no direct actions in human hepatocytes or hepatic stellate cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2024;81:468.

12. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Evolution of inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the multiple parallel hits hypothesis. Hepatology. 2010;52:1836-46.

13. Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ. Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat Med. 2018;24:908-22.

14. Novoa E, Parracho T, Inderhees J, et al. Lack of PCK1 in hepatic stellate cells causes liver fibrosis by fueling tricarboxylic acid cycle and increasing glycolysis. Cell Metab. 2026;38:729-45.e9.

15. Ramachandran P, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, et al. Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level. Nature. 2019;575:512-8.

16. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:1-4.

17. Vuppalanchi R, Noureddin M, Alkhouri N, Sanyal AJ. Therapeutic pipeline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18:373-92.

18. Campbell JE, Drucker DJ. Pharmacology, physiology, and mechanisms of incretin hormone action. Cell Metab. 2013;17:819-37.

19. Nauck MA, Tuttle KR, Tschöp MH, Blüher M. Glucagon-like receptor agonists and next-generation incretin-based medications: metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal benefits. Lancet. 2026;407:892-908.

20. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al. ; SYNERGY-NASH Investigators. Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:299-310.

21. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. ; LEADER Steering Committee, LEADER Trial Investigators. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311-22.

22. Zhao P, Saltiel AR. From overnutrition to liver injury: AMP-activated protein kinase in nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:12279-89.

23. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Befroy D, Lehrke M, Hendler RE, Shulman GI. Reversal of nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, hepatic insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia by moderate weight reduction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2005;54:603-8.

24. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367-78.e5.

25. Liu X, Zhu L, Liu J, Nie Z, Qiu W. Effect of weight loss interventions on metabolomic signatures in obese children with insulin resistance. Amino Acids. 2024;56:54.

26. Balcázar-Valencia CM, García-Ramos AF, Osorio-Toro LM, et al. Semaglutide effects on metabolic outcomes in diabetes mellitus patients - real world study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024;17:1667-73.

27. Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Parini P, Giuliani C, Santoro A. Inflammaging: a new immune-metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14:576-90.

28. Furman D, Campisi J, Verdin E, et al. Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span. Nat Med. 2019;25:1822-32.

29. López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. Hallmarks of aging: an expanding universe. Cell. 2023;186:243-78.

30. Pirola CJ, Sookoian S. Epigenetics factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;16:521-36.

31. Tilg H, Adolph TE, Dudek M, Knolle P. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the interplay between metabolism, microbes and immunity. Nat Metab. 2021;3:1596-607.

32. Amjad AI, Sheikh BS, Aslam S. Biological resilience as a crucial determinant in preventing age-associated chronic diseases. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1741426.

33. Le Thuc O, García-Cáceres C. Obesity-induced inflammation: connecting the periphery to the brain. Nat Metab. 2024;6:1237-52.

34. Sabbagh MN, Cummings JL, Ballard C, et al. Repurposing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Nat Aging. 2026;6:56-67.

35. Bishehsari F, Post Z, Swanson GR, Keshavarzian A. Circadian rhythms in gastroenterology: the biological clock’s impact on gut health. Gastroenterology. 2025;169:1380-96.

36. Tahara Y, Shibata S. Circadian rhythms of liver physiology and disease: experimental and clinical evidence. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13:217-26.

37. Babu AF. Metabolic signatures in lean MASLD: current insights and future directions. Metabolites. 2025;15:583.

38. Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, et al. Endpoints and clinical trial design for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2011;54:344-53.

Metabolism and Target Organ Damage
ISSN 2769-6375 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/