REFERENCES
1. Fang S, Furegato M, Azzi J, Couchonnal-Bedoya E, Debray D. Epidemiology and economic burden of Wilson disease in France: a nationwide population-based study. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2025;48:e12822.
2. Lu F, Wang X, Xue X, et al. Multifaceted role of copper homeostasis in gut health: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic interventions. Cells. 2026;15:545.
3. Chen J, Jiang Y, Shi H, Peng Y, Fan X, Li C. The molecular mechanisms of copper metabolism and its roles in human diseases. Pflugers Arch. 2020;472:1415-29.
4. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL-ERN Clinical Practice Guidelines on Wilson’s disease. J Hepatol. 2025;82:690-728.
5. Nilles C, Obadia MA, Sobesky R, et al. Diagnosis and outcomes of late-onset Wilson’s disease: a national registry-based study. Mov Disord. 2023;38:321-32.
6. Amin R, Medici V, Fausak ED, et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Wilson disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis across human and animal models. Front Mol Biosci. 2025;12:1712573.
7. Nagasaka H, Inoue I, Inui A, et al. Relationship between oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in the liver of patients with Wilson disease: hepatic manifestation in Wilson disease as a consequence of augmented oxidative stress. Pediatr Res. 2006;60:472-7.
8. Polishchuk EV, Merolla A, Lichtmannegger J, et al. Activation of autophagy, observed in liver tissues from patients with Wilson disease and from ATP7B-deficient animals, protects hepatocytes from copper-induced apoptosis. Gastroenterology. 2019;156:1173-89.e5.
9. Fontes A, Pierson H, Bierła JB, et al. Copper impairs the intestinal barrier integrity in Wilson disease. Metabolism. 2024;158:155973.
10. Zhao L, Li X, Wang Y, et al. Resistance role of Lactobacillus sp. and Lactococcus sp. to copper ions in healthy children’s intestinal microorganisms. J Hazard Mater. 2024;469:134059.
11. Wei T, Qian N, Wang H, et al. Wilson’s disease-associated gut dysbiosis: novel insights into microbial functional alterations, virulence changes, and resistance markers. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1714276.
12. Albillos A, de Gottardi A, Rescigno M. The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy. J Hepatol. 2020;72:558-77.
13. Gibbs K, Walshe JM. Liver copper concentration in Wilson’s disease: effect of treatment with ‘anti-copper’ agents. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1990;5:420-4.
14. Lynderup EM, Vendelbo MH, Kirk FT, et al. Methanobactin rapidly facilitates biliary copper excretion in a Wilson disease rat model visualised by 64Cu PET/MRI. Br J Pharmacol. 2026;183:268-79.
15. Engler J, Kim EJ, Kim D, et al. Rapid transcellular hepatic copper depletion by ARBM-101 rescues severe liver damage in Wilson disease rodents. Biomed Pharmacother. 2025;193:118867.
16. Einer C, Munk DE, Park E, et al. ARBM101 (Methanobactin SB2) drains excess liver copper via biliary excretion in Wilson’s disease rats. Gastroenterology. 2023;165:187-200.e7.
