REFERENCES

1. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al.; NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2023;78:1966-86.

2. Cusi K, Abdelmalek MF, Apovian CM, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in people with diabetes: the need for screening and early intervention. a consensus report of the American diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:1057-82.

3. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:221-62.

4. Harrison SA, Bedossa P, Guy CD, et al.; MAESTRO-NASH Investigators. A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:497-509.

5. Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, et al.; ESSENCE Study Group. Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:2089-99.

6. Chan WK, Wong VW, Adams LA, Nguyen MH. MAFLD in adults: non-invasive tests for diagnosis and monitoring of MAFLD. Hepatol Int. 2024;18:909-21.

7. Leal-lassalle H, Estévez-vázquez O, Cubero FJ, Nevzorova YA. Metabolic and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD): a representation of duality. npj Gut Liver. 2025;2:14.

8. Arab JP, Díaz LA, Rehm J, et al. Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD): position statement by an expert panel on alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2025;82:744-56.

9. Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54:1082-90.

10. Wu S, Pan J, Song M, et al. Performance of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound for identifying the different degrees of hepatic steatosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2025;32:6528-40.

11. Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL); European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD); European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81:492-542.

12. Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;69:154-81.

13. Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2017;65:1557-65.

14. Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, et al.; Liver Investigation: Testing Marker Utility in Steatohepatitis (LITMUS) consortium investigators. Biomarkers for staging fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (the LITMUS project): a comparative diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:714-25.

15. Vali Y, Lee J, Boursier J, et al.; LITMUS systematic review team(†). Enhanced liver fibrosis test for the non-invasive diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73:252-62.

16. Selvaraj EA, Mózes FE, Jayaswal ANA, et al.; LITMUS Investigators. Diagnostic accuracy of elastography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with NAFLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2021;75:770-85.

17. Newsome PN, Sasso M, Deeks JJ, et al. FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5:362-73.

18. Sanyal AJ, Foucquier J, Younossi ZM, et al. Enhanced diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in individuals with NAFLD using FibroScan-based Agile scores. J Hepatol. 2023;78:247-59.

19. Ferraioli G, Barr RG, Berzigotti A, et al. WFUMB guidelines/guidance on liver multiparametric ultrasound. Part 2: guidance on liver fat quantification. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2024;50:1088-98.

20. Eslam M, Fan JG, Yu ML, et al. The Asian Pacific association for the study of the liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol Int. 2025;19:261-301.

21. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797-835.

22. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;76:959-74.

23. Oh JH, Ahn SB, Cho S, Nah EH, Yoon EL, Jun DW. Diagnostic performance of non-invasive tests in patients with MetALD in a health check-up cohort. J Hepatol. 2024;81:772-80.

24. Díaz LA, Tavaglione F, Mittal N, et al. Noninvasive pathway for stratifying fibrosis in suspected metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD). Hepatol Commun. 2025;9:e0718.

25. Torp N, Israelsen M, Johansen S, et al. MetALD: diagnosis and prognosis with non-invasive tests. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;62:990-1002.

26. Johansen S, Thiele M, Krag A. Non-invasive tests for MetALD and alcohol-related liver disease. JHEP Rep. 2025;7:101569.

27. Kjærgaard K, Yeoman JM, Eriksen PL, et al. Binge drinking acutely induces hepatic steatosis which is readily reversible: a real-world observational study in healthy adults. JHEP Rep. 2026;8:101623.

28. Mueller S, Millonig G, Sarovska L, et al. Increased liver stiffness in alcoholic liver disease: differentiating fibrosis from steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:966-72.

29. Kanwal F, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Loomba R, Rinella ME. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: update and impact of new nomenclature on the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidance on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2024;79:1212-9.

30. Vaz J, Nasr P, Helander A, et al. Phosphatidylethanol levels distinguish steatotic liver disease subgroups and are associated with risk of major liver outcomes. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1011-22.

31. Li M, Chen W, Deng Y, Xie W. Impacts of cardiometabolic risk factors and alcohol consumption on all-cause mortality among MASLD and its subgroups. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;34:2085-94.

32. Liu J, Xiao S, Hu S, et al. Dissecting metabolic dysfunction- and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) using proteomic and metabolomic profiles. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1035-45.

33. Singal AK, Shah VH, Malhi H. Emerging targets for therapy in ALD: lessons from NASH. Hepatology. 2024;80:223-37.

34. Tamaki N, Kimura T, Wakabayashi SI, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes in steatotic liver disease and incidence of liver-related events, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;60:61-9.

35. Kwak M, Kim HS, Jiang ZG, et al. MASLD/MetALD and mortality in individuals with any cardio-metabolic risk factor: a population-based study with 26.7 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2025;81:228-37.

36. Celsa C, Pennisi G, Tulone A, et al. Risk of hepatic and extrahepatic outcomes associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated steatotic liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:998-1012.

37. Li Z, Shen Y, Li Z, Cao D, Hu Y. Is MetALD an independent risk factor of all-cause mortality? A meta-analysis of 164,694 individuals from the real world. J Hepatol. 2025;82:e95-7.

38. Sripongpun P, Kaewdech A, Udompap P, Kim WR. Characteristics and long-term mortality of individuals with MASLD, MetALD, and ALD, and the utility of SAFE score. JHEP Rep. 2024;6:101127.

39. Castera L, Rinella ME, Tsochatzis EA. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:1715-29.

40. Sudhinaraset M, Wigglesworth C, Takeuchi DT. Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use: influences in a social-ecological framework. Alcohol Res. 2016;38:35-45.

41. Torp N, Israelsen M, Thiele M, Rinella ME, Krag A. Phosphatidylethanol in steatotic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1189-203.

42. Krag A, Torp N, Younossi ZM, Israelsen M. Reporting discrepancy of alcohol intake affecting estimated prevalence of MetALD and ALD. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:282-4.

43. Lee JH, Ahn SH, Park J, et al. Misclassification of Alcohol Use Disorder in MASLD and MetALD: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes. Gut Liver. 2025;19:735-45.

44. Ayares G, Diaz LA, Idalsoaga F, et al. MetALD: new perspectives on an old overlooked disease. Liver Int. 2025;45:e70017.

45. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction. 1993;88:791-804.

46. Bradley KA, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Frank D, Kivlahan DR. AUDIT-C as a brief screen for alcohol misuse in primary care. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31:1208-17.

47. O’Brien CP. The CAGE questionnaire for detection of alcoholism: a remarkably useful but simple tool. JAMA. 2008;300:2054-6.

48. Arab JP, Izzy M, Leggio L, Bataller R, Shah VH. Management of alcohol use disorder in patients with cirrhosis in the setting of liver transplantation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19:45-59.

49. Tavaglione F, Díaz LA, Ajmera V, et al. Clinical utility of phosphatidylethanol to detect underreported alcohol use and enhance steatotic liver disease subclassification. J Hepatol. 2025;83:1023-34.

50. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Wilson LA, et al.; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Association of histologic disease activity with progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:e1912565.

51. Davison BA, Harrison SA, Cotter G, et al. Suboptimal reliability of liver biopsy evaluation has implications for randomized clinical trials. J Hepatol. 2020;73:1322-32.

52. Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, et al. Fibrosis stage but not NASH predicts mortality and time to development of severe liver disease in biopsy-proven NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2017;67:1265-73.

53. Stine JG, Munaganuru N, Barnard A, et al. Change in MRI-PDFF and histologic response in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:2274-83.e5.

54. Anania FA, Hager R, Higgins K, Makar GA, Siegel J, Tran TT. Non-invasive tests: establishing efficacy for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis beyond the biopsy-Current perspectives from the Division of Hepatology and Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration. Hepatology. 2025;Epub ahead of print.

55. Mózes FE, Lee JA, Vali Y, et al.; LITMUS investigators. Performance of non-invasive tests and histology for the prediction of clinical outcomes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:704-13.

56. Lin H, Lee HW, Yip TC, et al.; VCTE-Prognosis Study Group. Vibration-controlled transient elastography scores to predict liver-related events in steatotic liver disease. JAMA. 2024;331:1287-97.

57. Gawrieh S, Vilar-Gomez E, Wilson LA, et al.; NASH Clinical Research Network. Increases and decreases in liver stiffness measurement are independently associated with the risk of liver-related events in NAFLD. J Hepatol. 2024;81:600-8.

58. Klausen MK, Thomsen M, Wortwein G, Fink-Jensen A. The role of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) in addictive disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2022;179:625-41.

59. Wai-Sun Wong V, Anstee QM, Nitze LM, et al. FibroScan-aspartate aminotransferase (FAST) score for monitoring histological improvement in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis activity during semaglutide treatment: post-hoc analysis of a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2b trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;66:102310.

60. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Bayliss S, et al. Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1611-25.e12.

Metabolism and Target Organ Damage
ISSN 2769-6375 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/