REFERENCES
1. Wang H, Li N, Chivese T, et al.; IDF Diabetes Atlas Committee Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Special Interest Group. IDF diabetes atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group’s Criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109050.
2. Jiang L, Tang K, Magee LA, et al. A global view of hypertensive disorders and diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2022;18:760-75.
3. Dennison RA, Chen ES, Green ME, et al. The absolute and relative risk of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 129 studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;171:108625.
4. Zhao G, Bhatia D, Jung F, Lipscombe L. Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with prior hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2021;64:491-503.
5. Thong EP, Ghelani DP, Manoleehakul P, et al. Optimising cardiometabolic risk factors in pregnancy: a review of risk prediction models targeting gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022;9:55.
6. Sweeting A, Wong J, Murphy HR, Ross GP. A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus. Endocr Rev. 2022;43:763-93.
7. Hula N, Escalera D, Goulopoulou S. Extracellular vesicles in preeclampsia: drivers of vascular dysfunction and inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2025;329:H1560-74.
8. Tossetta G, Fantone S, Gesuita R, et al. HtrA1 in gestational diabetes mellitus: a possible biomarker? Diagnostics 2022;12:2705.
9. Osei-Safo EK, McIntosh J, Onwuka S, et al. What is my risk? A mixed-methods systematic review of risk perception for cardiometabolic pregnancy complications and future cardiometabolic disease development. Obes Rev. 2025;26:e13967.
10. Cao Y, Shrestha A, Janiczak A, Li X, Lu Y, Haregu T. Lifestyle intervention in reducing insulin resistance and preventing type 2 diabetes in asia pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Diab Rep. 2024;24:207-15.
11. Zhang Y, Pan XF, Chen J, et al. Combined lifestyle factors and risk of incident type 2 diabetes and prognosis among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetologia. 2020;63:21-33.
12. Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11:2611.
13. Crandall JP, Dabelea D, Knowler WC, Nathan DM, Temprosa M; DPP Research Group. The diabetes prevention program and its outcomes study: NIDDK’s journey into the prevention of type 2 diabetes and its public health impact. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:1101-11.
14. Lindström J, Valtanen M, Wikström K, et al. Long-term efficacy of type 2 diabetes prevention: the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study DPS. Eur J Public Health. 2025;35:ckaf161.019.
15. Knowler WC, Doherty L, Edelstein SL, et al.; DPP/DPPOS Research Group. Long-term effects and effect heterogeneity of lifestyle and metformin interventions on type 2 diabetes incidence over 21 years in the US Diabetes Prevention Program randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:469-81.
16. Yang J, Qian F, Chavarro JE, et al. Modifiable risk factors and long term risk of type 2 diabetes among individuals with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2022;378:e070312.
17. Timpka S, Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Hu FB, Franks PW, Rich-Edwards JW. Postpregnancy BMI in the progression from hypertensive disorders of pregnancy to type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:44-9.
18. Bycroft C, Freeman C, Petkova D, et al. The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data. Nature. 2018;562:203-9.
19. Xu X, Li J, Yu Y, et al. Association of combined healthy lifestyle with risk of adverse outcomes in patients with prediabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2024;40:e3795.
20. Schulz CA, Weinhold L, Schmid M, Nöthen MM, Nöthlings U. Analysis of associations between dietary patterns, genetic disposition, and cognitive function in data from UK Biobank. Eur J Nutr. 2023;62:511-21.
21. Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:1451-62.
22. Arthur RS, Wang T, Xue X, Kamensky V, Rohan TE. Genetic factors, adherence to healthy lifestyle behavior, and risk of invasive breast cancer among women in the UK Biobank. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2020;112:893-901.
23. Gao Y, Chen Y, Hu M, et al. Lifestyle trajectories and ischaemic heart diseases: a prospective cohort study in UK Biobank. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30:393-403.
24. Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, et al.; American Heart Association Strategic Planning Task Force and Statistics Committee. Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association’s strategic Impact Goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586-613.
25. Thompson DJ, Wells D, Selzam S, et al. UK Biobank release and systematic evaluation of optimised polygenic risk scores for 53 diseases and quantitative traits. medRxiv. 2022;2022.06.16.22276246.
26. Lee CL, Yamada T, Liu WJ, Hara K, Yanagimoto S, Hiraike Y. Interaction between type 2 diabetes polygenic risk and physical activity on cardiovascular outcomes. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024;31:1277-85.
27. Jiang X, Yang G, Feng N, Du X, Xu L, Zhong VW. Lifestyle modifies the associations of early-life smoking behaviors and genetic susceptibility with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study involving 433,872 individuals from UK Biobank. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2024;18:103090.
28. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49:S27-49.
29. Beydoun MA, Georgescu MF, Weiss J, et al. Socioeconomic area deprivation and its relationship with dementia, Parkinson’s Disease and all-cause mortality among UK older adults: a multistate modeling approach. Soc Sci Med. 2025;379:118137.
30. Hu Y, Tang R, Li X, et al. Spontaneous miscarriage and social support in predicting risks of depression and anxiety: a cohort study in UK Biobank. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;231:655.e1-9.
31. Plumpton CO, Morris T, Hughes DA, White IR. Multiple imputation of multiple multi-item scales when a full imputation model is infeasible. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:45.
32. Marshall A, Altman DG, Holder RL, Royston P. Combining estimates of interest in prognostic modelling studies after multiple imputation: current practice and guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2009;9:57.
33. Ukke GG, Boyle JA, Reja A, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of type 2 diabetes prevention through lifestyle interventions in women with a history of gestational diabetes-a summary of participant and intervention characteristics. Nutrients. 2024;16:4413.
34. Mittal R, Prasad K, Lemos JRN, Arevalo G, Hirani K. Unveiling gestational diabetes: an overview of pathophysiology and management. Int J Mol Sci. 2025;26:2320.
35. Phoswa WN, Khaliq OP. The role of oxidative stress in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (preeclampsia, gestational hypertension) and metabolic disorder of pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus). Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021:5581570.
36. Caturano A, Rocco M, Tagliaferri G, et al. Oxidative stress and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: from pathophysiology to lifestyle modifications. Antioxidants. 2025;14:72.
37. Li H, Khor CC, Fan J, et al. Genetic risk, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and type 2 diabetes risk among 550,000 Chinese adults: results from 2 independent Asian cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;111:698-707.
38. Rong K, Yu K, Han X, et al. Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18:2172-82.
39. Tsoi KY, Chan RCM, Zhang C, Tam WH, Ma RCW. A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of an early postnatal lifestyle modification program on diet, adiposity and metabolic outcome in mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2024;166:1170-82.
40. Liang Z, Zhang M, Wang C, et al. The best exercise modality and dose to reduce glycosylated hemoglobin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review with pairwise, network, and dose-response meta-analyses. Sports Med. 2024;54:2557-70.
41. Aune D, Norat T, Leitzmann M, Tonstad S, Vatten LJ. Physical activity and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30:529-42.
42. Yu Y, Li Y, Nguyen TT, et al. Association between smoking cessation and risk for type 2 diabetes, stratified by post-cessation weight change: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2026;202:108429.
43. Liu H, Zhu H, Lu Q, et al. Sleep features and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2025;57:2447422.
44. Li X, Hur J, Smith-Warner SA, et al. Alcohol intake, drinking pattern, and risk of type 2 diabetes in three prospective cohorts of U.S. women and men. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:1189-97.
