REFERENCES
2. Rooney MR, He JH, Salpea P, et al. Global and regional prediabetes prevalence: updates for 2024 and projections for 2050. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:e142-4.
3. Cai X, Zhang Y, Li M, et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of all cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;370:m2297.
4. Wang Y, Sandforth A, Jumprtz-von Schwartzenberg R, et al. Lifestyle intervention is more effective in high 1-hour post-load glucose than in prediabetes for restoring β-cell function, reducing ectopic fat, and preventing type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2026;174:156430.
5. Birkenfeld AL, Perreault L, Schmidt MI, et al. Defining prediabetes remission as a distinct prevention endpoint. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2026;14:100-2.
6. Aroda VR, Knowler WC, Crandall JP, et al.; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Metformin for diabetes prevention: insights gained from the Diabetes Prevention Program/Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1601-11.
7. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:866-75.
8. Lindström J, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, et al.; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia. 2013;56:284-93.
9. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG, et al.; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1343-50.
10. Lindström J, Louheranta A, Mannelin M, et al.; Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study Group. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS): lifestyle intervention and 3-year results on diet and physical activity. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:3230-6.
11. Chen Y, Xu L, Cheng Z, et al. Progression from different blood glucose states to cardiovascular diseases: a prospective study based on multi-state model. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30:1482-91.
12. Khunti K, Papamargaritis D, Aroda VR, Anjana RM, Kashyap SR. Re-evaluating the concept of remission in type 2 diabetes: a call for patient-centric approaches. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:615-34.
13. Vazquez Arreola E, Gong Q, Hanson RL, et al. Prediabetes remission and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: post-hoc analyses from the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcome study and the DaQing Diabetes Prevention Outcome study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2026;14:137-48.
14. Suh YH, Kim Y, Bang JH, et al. Analysis of gene expression profiles in insulin-sensitive tissues from pre-diabetic and diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Mol Endocrinol. 2005;34:299-315.
15. Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuñiga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17:122.
16. Yu C, Wang Z, Han Y, et al. Dopamine D4 receptors inhibit proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by insulin via down-regulation of insulin receptor expression. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13:97.
17. Limberg JK, Smith JA, Soares RN, et al. Sympathetically mediated increases in cardiac output, not restraint of peripheral vasodilation, contribute to blood pressure maintenance during hyperinsulinemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;319:H162-70.
18. Muniyappa R, Chen H, Montagnani M, Sherman A, Quon MJ. Endothelial dysfunction due to selective insulin resistance in vascular endothelium: insights from mechanistic modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2020;319:E629-46.
19. Liu Y, Zeng Y, Miao Y, et al. Relationships among pancreatic beta cell function, the Nrf2 pathway, and IRS2: a cross-sectional study. Postgrad Med. 2020;132:720-6.
20. Cariou B. Harnessing the incretin system beyond glucose control: potential cardiovascular benefits of GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2012;38:298-308.
21. Mari A, Stefanski A, van Raalte DH, et al. Tirzepatide treatment and associated changes in β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in people with obesity or overweight with prediabetes or normoglycemia: a post hoc analysis from the SURMOUNT-1 trial. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:1622-7.
22. Alharbi SH. Anti-inflammatory role of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and its clinical implications. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2024;15:20420188231222367.
23. Zieleniewska N, Jamiołkowski J, Kondraciuk M, et al. Preclinical atherosclerosis and prediabetes: a cross-sectional metabolic assessment in apparently healthy population. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:280.
24. Zhang J, Song X, Zhang G, Chen S, Zhao X, Zhang Q. Glycemic control and asymptomatic carotid plaque and carotid intima-media thickness. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2025;13:e004786.
25. Suleiman M, Sawatani T, Tesi M, et al. Functional recovery of islet β cells in human type 2 diabetes: transcriptome signatures unveil therapeutic approaches. Sci Adv. 2025;11:eads2905.
26. Vistisen D, Kivimäki M, Perreault L, et al. Reversion from prediabetes to normoglycaemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality: the Whitehall II cohort study. Diabetologia. 2019;62:1385-90.
28. Sandforth A, von Schwartzenberg RJ, Arreola EV, et al. Mechanisms of weight loss-induced remission in people with prediabetes: a post-hoc analysis of the randomised, controlled, multicentre Prediabetes Lifestyle Intervention Study (PLIS). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11:798-810.
29. Liu Z, Feng N, Wang S, et al. Low-calorie diets and remission of type 2 diabetes in Chinese: phenotypic changes and individual variability. Nutr J. 2025;24:42.
30. Xiao Z, Yin X, Lai X, et al. Real-world effect of intermittent calorie-restricted diet on type 2 diabetes remission: a dual-cohort retrospective study. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1648314.
31. Rosenfeld RM, Grega ML, Karlsen MC, et al. Lifestyle interventions for treatment and remission of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes in adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Lifestyle Medicine. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2025;19:964-96.
32. Adapa S, Fahey P, Piya M, Birhanu F, Atlantis E. Effect of clinically significant weight loss on remission of metabolic complications: a rapid review and meta-analysis of comparative controlled studies. Obes Rev. ;2026:e70091.
33. Taylor R. Calorie restriction for long-term remission of type 2 diabetes. Clin Med. 2019;19:37-42.
34. Stice E, Rohde P, Desjardins CD, Gee K, Shaw H, Kim S. A preliminary randomized trial of a brief dissonance-based type 2 diabetes prevention programme for adults with pre-diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:1572-9.
35. McGowan B, Ciudin A, Baker JL, et al. Framework for the pharmacological treatment of obesity and its complications from the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). Nat Med. 2025;31:3229-32.
36. Nong K, Jeppesen BT, Shi Q, et al. Medications for adults with type 2 diabetes: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2025;390:e083039.
37. Nauck MA, D’Alessio DA. Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:169.
38. Liu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, et al. Dapagliflozin plus calorie restriction for remission of type 2 diabetes: multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2025;388:e081820.
39. Sandforth L, Raverdy V, Sandforth A, et al. Subphenotype-dependent benefits of bariatric surgery for individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2025;48:996-1006.
40. Grieco A, Huffman KM, Cohen ME, Hall BL, Morton JM, Ko CY. Metabolic and bariatric surgery accreditation and quality improvement program: bariatric surgical risk/benefit calculator: 1-year comorbidity remission. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2024;20:275-82.
41. Currie A, Bolckmans R, Askari A, et al. Bariatric-metabolic surgery for NHS patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom National Bariatric Surgery Registry. Diabet Med. 2023;40:e15041.






