REFERENCES
1. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77:1335-47.
2. Henry L, Paik J, Younossi ZM. Review article: the epidemiologic burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the world. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2022;56:942-56.
3. Huang DQ, Wong VWS, Rinella ME, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in adults. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2025;11:14.
4. Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. MASLD: a systemic metabolic disorder with cardiovascular and malignant complications. Gut. 2024;73:691-702.
5. Targher G, Valenti L, Byrne CD. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;393:683-98.
6. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al.; NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Ann Hepatol. 2024;29:101133.
7. Díaz LA, Lazarus JV, Fuentes-López E, et al. Disparities in steatosis prevalence in the United States by Race or Ethnicity according to the 2023 criteria. Commun Med. 2024;4:219.
8. Kim D, Danpanichkul P, Wijarnpreecha K, Cholankeril G, Loomba R, Ahmed A. Current burden of steatotic liver disease and fibrosis among adults in the United States, 2017-2023. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025;31:382-93.
9. Llovet JM, Willoughby CE, Singal AG, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-related hepatocellular carcinoma: pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:487-503.
10. Chew NWS, Mehta A, Goh RSJ, et al. Cardiovascular-liver-metabolic health: recommendations in screening, diagnosis, and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in cardiovascular disease via modified Delphi approach. Circulation. 2025;151:98-119.
11. Ciardullo S, Mantovani A, Morieri ML, Muraca E, Invernizzi P, Perseghin G. Impact of MASLD and MetALD on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis of preliminary evidence. Liver Int. 2024;44:1762-7.
12. Duell PB, Welty FK, Miller M, et al.; American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Hypertension; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42:e168-85.
13. Adams LA, Anstee QM, Tilg H, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its relationship with cardiovascular disease and other extrahepatic diseases. Gut. 2017;66:1138-53.
14. Morales J, Handelsman Y. Cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes and kidney disease: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023;82:161-70.
15. Motamed N, Khoonsari M, Karbalaie Niya MH, et al. External validity of cardiovascular risk assessment tools in individuals with MASLD (NAFLD): a cohort study. Sci Rep. 2025;15:33462.
16. Fegers-Wustrow I, Gianos E, Halle M, Yang E. Comparison of American and European Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: JACC guideline comparison. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79:1304-13.
17. Henson JB, Budoff MJ, Muir AJ. Performance of the Pooled Cohort Equations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Liver Int. 2023;43:599-607.
18. Barritt AS 4th, Tapper EB, Newsome PN, et al.; TARGET-NASH Investigators. Cardiovascular risk assessment tools are insufficient for patients with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025.
19. Cheong BYC, Wilson JM, Spann SJ, Pettigrew RI, Preventza OA, Muthupillai R. Coronary artery calcium scoring: an evidence-based guide for primary care physicians. J Intern Med. 2021;289:309-24.
20. Golub IS, Termeie OG, Kristo S, et al. Major Global Coronary Artery Calcium Guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16:98-117.
21. Chen CC, Hsu WC, Wu HM, Wang JY, Yang PY, Lin IC. Association between the severity of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk of coronary artery calcification. Medicina. 2021;57:807.
22. Gries JJ, Lazarus JV, Brennan PN, et al. Interdisciplinary perspectives on the co-management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and coronary artery disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;10:82-94.
23. Naqvi TZ, Lee MS. Carotid intima-media thickness and plaque in cardiovascular risk assessment. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014;7:1025-38.
24. Farmakis D, Mueller C, Apple FS. High-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays for cardiovascular risk stratification in the general population. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:4050-6.
25. Kim D, Danpanichkul P, Wijarnpreecha K, Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Association of high-sensitivity troponins in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2025;61:1785-93.
26. Haller PM, Beer BN, Tonkin AM, Blankenberg S, Neumann JT. Role of cardiac biomarkers in epidemiology and risk outcomes. Clin Chem. 2021;67:96-106.
27. Ciardullo S, Cannistraci R, Muraca E, Zerbini F, Perseghin G. Liver fibrosis, NT-ProBNP and mortality in patients with MASLD: a population-based cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2024;34:963-71.
28. Kim Y, Han E, Lee JS, et al. Cardiovascular risk is elevated in lean subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gut Liver. 2022;16:290-9.
29. Kuo SZ, Cepin S, Bergstrom J, et al. Clinical utility of liver fat quantification for determining cardiovascular disease risk among patients with type 2 diabetes. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2023;58:585-92.
30. Kweon YN, Ko HJ, Kim AS, et al. Prediction of cardiovascular risk using nonalcoholic fatty liver disease scoring systems. Healthcare. 2021;9:899.
31. Manne V, Handa P, Kowdley KV. Pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Liver Dis. 2018;22:23-37.
32. Vilar-Gomez E, Chalasani N. Non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. J Hepatol. 2018;68:305-15.
33. Israelsen M, Rungratanawanich W, Thiele M, Liangpunsakul S. Non-invasive tests for alcohol-associated liver disease. Hepatology. 2024;80:1390-407.
34. Mantovani A, Csermely A, Petracca G, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6:903-13.
35. Park H, Yoon EL, Kim M, et al. Diagnostic performance of the fibrosis-4 index and the NAFLD fibrosis score for screening at-risk individuals in a health check-up setting. Hepatol Commun. 2023;7:e0249.
36. Han S, Choi M, Lee B, et al. Accuracy of noninvasive scoring systems in assessing liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Liver. 2022;16:952-63.
37. Lee Y, Lee W. Time-updated FIB-4 index predicts coronary artery calcification progression in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Sci Rep. 2025;16:1459.
38. Kalligeros M, Danpanichkul P, Noureddin M. Noninvasive assessment to identify patients with at-risk metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;20:672-7.
39. Treeprasertsuk S, Björnsson E, Enders F, Suwanwalaikorn S, Lindor KD. NAFLD fibrosis score: a prognostic predictor for mortality and liver complications among NAFLD patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:1219-29.
40. Takahashi T, Watanabe T, Shishido T, et al. The impact of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score on cardiac prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart Vessels. 2018;33:733-9.
41. Parikh NS, VanWagner LB, Elkind MSV, Gutierrez J. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis and stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2019;407:116524.
42. Han E, Lee YH, Lee JS, et al. Fibrotic burden determines cardiovascular risk among subjects with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. Gut Liver. 2022;16:786-97.
43. Henson JB, Simon TG, Kaplan A, Osganian S, Masia R, Corey KE. Advanced fibrosis is associated with incident cardiovascular disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2020;51:728-36.
44. Rahmani J, Miri A, Namjoo I, et al. Elevated liver enzymes and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of more than one million participants. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;31:555-62.
45. Seo YY, Cho YK, Bae JC, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-α as a predictor for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a 4-year follow-up study. Endocrinol Metab. 2013;28:41-5.
46. Ding Z, Wei Y, Peng J, Wang S, Chen G, Sun J. The potential role of C-reactive protein in metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and aging. Biomedicines. 2023;11:2711.
47. Kurt B, Reugels M, Schneider KM, et al. C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in the general population. Eur Heart J. ;2025:ehaf937.
48. Ionescu VA, Gheorghe G, Bacalbasa N, Diaconu CC. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: pathogenetic links to cardiovascular risk. Biomolecules. 2025;15:163.
49. Seropian IM, Cassaglia P, Miksztowicz V, González GE. Unraveling the role of galectin-3 in cardiac pathology and physiology. Front Physiol. 2023;14:1304735.
50. Ghorbani A, Bhambhani V, Christenson RH, et al. Longitudinal change in galectin-3 and incident cardiovascular outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:3246-54.
51. Wu J, Wu G, Li J, et al. Proteomic variation underlies the heterogeneous risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease for subsequent chronic diseases. Eur J Endocrinol. 2025;192:691-703.
52. Pirola CJ, Diambra L, Fernández Gianotti T, et al. Organ damage proteomic signature identifies patients with MASLD at risk of systemic complications. Hepatology. 2025.
53. Björnson E, Samaras D, Levin M, Bäckhed F, Bergström G, Gummesson A. The impact of steatotic liver disease on coronary artery disease through changes in the plasma lipidome. Sci Rep. 2024;14:22307.
54. Thiele M, Villesen IF, Niu L, et al.; MicrobLiver consortium, GALAXY consortium. Opportunities and barriers in omics-based biomarker discovery for steatotic liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2024;81:345-59.
55. Shabalala SC, Dludla PV, Mabasa L, et al. The effect of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and the potential role of polyphenols in the modulation of adiponectin signaling. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110785.
56. Luo J, He Z, Li Q, et al. Adipokines in atherosclerosis: unraveling complex roles. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1235953.
57. Huang H, Xie J, Hou L, Miao M, Xu L, Xu C. Estimated small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in nonobese populations. J Diabetes Investig. 2024;15:491-9.
58. Enkhmaa B, Berglund L. Non-genetic influences on lipoprotein(a) concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 2022;349:53-62.
59. Fan H, Kouvari M, Mingrone G, et al. Lipoprotein (a) in the full spectrum of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: evidence from histologically and genetically characterized cohorts. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:1356-65.e5.
60. Xiao T, Liu HH, Tian N, et al.; WMU MAFLD Clinical Research Working Group. Association of plasma lipoprotein(a) with major adverse cardiovascular events in MASLD with or without advanced liver fibrosis. Liver Int. 2025;45:e70208.
61. GBD 2021 Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990-2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2025;405:813-38.
62. Yang AH, Tincopa MA, Tavaglione F, et al. Prevalence of steatotic liver disease, advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis among community-dwelling overweight and obese individuals in the USA. Gut. 2024;73:2045-53.
63. Kim HS, Xiao X, Byun J, et al. Synergistic associations of PNPLA3 I148M variant, alcohol intake, and obesity with risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5:e2234221.
64. Díaz LA, Arab JP, Louvet A, Bataller R, Arrese M. The intersection between alcohol-related liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:764-83.
65. Marti-Aguado D, Calleja JL, Vilar-Gomez E, et al. Low-to-moderate alcohol consumption is associated with increased fibrosis in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2024;81:930-40.
66. Arab JP, Díaz LA, Rehm J, et al. Metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD): position statement by an expert panel on alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2025;82:744-56.
67. Khan SS, Ning H, Wilkins JT, et al. Association of body mass index with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and compression of morbidity. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:280-7.
68. GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403:2133-61.
69. GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403:2162-203.
70. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). J Hepatol. 2024;81:492-542.
71. Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol. 2017;67:829-46.
72. Franz MJ, Boucher JL, Rutten-Ramos S, VanWormer JJ. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:1447-63.
73. Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:221-62.
74. Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77:1797-835.
75. Sofi F, Casini A. Mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: new therapeutic option around the corner? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:7339-46.
76. Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A. The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 2015;128:229-38.
77. Godos J, Marventano S, Mistretta A, Galvano F, Grosso G. Dietary sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean healthy Eating, Aging and Lifestyle (MEAL) study cohort. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2017;68:750-6.
78. Pérez M, Dominguez-López I, Lamuela-Raventós RM. The chemistry behind the Folin-Ciocalteu method for the estimation of (poly)phenol content in food: total phenolic intake in a mediterranean dietary pattern. J Agric Food Chem. 2023;71:17543-53.
79. Wijarnpreecha K, Thongprayoon C, Ungprasert P. Coffee consumption and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;29:e8-12.
80. Ebadi M, Ip S, Bhanji RA, Montano-Loza AJ. Effect of coffee consumption on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease incidence, prevalence and risk of significant liver fibrosis: systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2021;13:3042.
81. Poole R, Kennedy OJ, Roderick P, Fallowfield JA, Hayes PC, Parkes J. Coffee consumption and health: umbrella review of meta-analyses of multiple health outcomes. BMJ. 2017;359:j5024.
82. Xue Y, Peng Y, Zhang L, Ba Y, Jin G, Liu G. Effect of different exercise modalities on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:6212.
83. Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320:2020-8.
84. Hao XY, Zhang K, Huang XY, Yang F, Sun SY. Muscle strength and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2024;30:636-43.
85. Soto R, Díaz LA, Rivas V, et al. Frailty and reduced gait speed are independently related to mortality of cirrhotic patients in long-term follow-up. Ann Hepatol. 2021;25:100327.
86. Stine JG, Bradley D, McCall-Hosenfeld J, et al. Multidisciplinary clinic model enhances liver and metabolic health outcomes in adults with MASH. Hepatol Commun. 2025;9:e0649.
87. Bansal MB, Patton H, Morgan TR, Carr RM, Dranoff JA, Allen AM. Semaglutide therapy for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: November 2025 updates to AASLD Practice Guidance. Hepatology. 2025.
88. Diaz LA, Arab JP, Idalsoaga F, et al. Updated recommendations for the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by the Latin American working group. Ann Hepatol. 2025;30:101903.
89. Nevola R, Epifani R, Imbriani S, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and future perspectives. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:1703.
90. Abdelmalek MF, Harrison SA, Sanyal AJ. The role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:2001-16.
91. Targher G, Mantovani A, Byrne CD. Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotective effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin receptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8:179-91.
92. Armstrong MJ, Okanoue T, Sundby Palle M, Sejling AS, Tawfik M, Roden M. Similar weight loss with semaglutide regardless of diabetes and cardiometabolic risk parameters in individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: post hoc analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:710-8.
93. Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1113-24.
94. Phase 3 ESSENCE trial: semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;20:6-7.
95. Giannakogeorgou A, Roden M. Role of lifestyle and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for weight loss in obesity, type 2 diabetes and steatotic liver diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2024;59 Suppl 1:S52-75.
96. Armstrong MJ, Gaunt P, Aithal GP, et al.; LEAN trial team. Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Lancet. 2016;387:679-90.
97. Forst T, De Block C, Del Prato S, et al. The role of incretin receptor agonists in the treatment of obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024;26:4178-96.
98. Sanyal AJ, Newsome PN, Kliers I, et al.; ESSENCE Study Group. Phase 3 trial of semaglutide in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392:2089-99.
99. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al.; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:205-16.
100. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Lawitz EJ, et al.; SYNERGY-NASH Investigators. Tirzepatide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:299-310.
101. Sanyal AJ, Bedossa P, Fraessdorf M, et al.; 1404-0043 Trial Investigators. A phase 2 randomized trial of survodutide in MASH and fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391:311-9.
102. Harrison SA, Browne SK, Suschak JJ, et al. Effect of pemvidutide, a GLP-1/glucagon dual receptor agonist, on MASLD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol. 2025;82:7-17.
103. Sanyal AJ, Kaplan LM, Frias JP, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nat Med. 2024;30:2037-48.
104. Chetty AK, Rafi E, Bellini NJ, Buchholz N, Isaacs D. A review of incretin therapies approved and in late-stage development for overweight and obesity management. Endocr Pract. 2024;30:292-303.
105. Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY, et al. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13:15-28.
106. Wu S, Gao L, Cipriani A, et al. The effects of incretin-based therapies on β-cell function and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis combining 360 trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2019;21:975-83.
107. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al.; SELECT Trial Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2221-32.
108. Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:293-304.
109. Lassailly G, Caiazzo R, Goemans A, et al. Resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis with no worsening of fibrosis after bariatric surgery improves 15-year survival: a prospective cohort study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:1567-76.e9.
110. Eisenberg D, Shikora SA, Aarts E, et al. 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) indications for metabolic and bariatric surgery. Obes Surg. 2023;33:3-14.
111. Feng G, Han Y, Yang W, et al. Recompensation in MASLD-related cirrhosis via metabolic bariatric surgery. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2025;36:118-32.
112. Verrastro O, Panunzi S, Castagneto-Gissey L, et al. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus lifestyle intervention plus best medical care in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (BRAVES): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2023;401:1786-97.
113. Patton H, Heimbach J, McCullough A. AGA clinical practice update on bariatric surgery in cirrhosis: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19:436-45.
114. Alvarado-Tapias E, Marti-Aguado D, Kennedy K, et al. Bariatric surgery is associated with alcohol-related liver disease and psychiatric disorders associated with AUD. Obes Surg. 2023;33:1494-505.
115. Alvarado-Tapias E, Martí-Aguado D, Gómez-Medina C, et al. Binge drinking at time of bariatric surgery is associated with liver disease, suicides, and increases long-term mortality. Hepatol Commun. 2024;8:e0490.
116. Athanasiadis DI, Martin A, Kapsampelis P, Monfared S, Stefanidis D. Factors associated with weight regain post-bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Surg Endosc. 2021;35:4069-84.
117. Lüscher A, Vionnet N, Amiguet M, et al. Impact of preoperative psychiatric profile in bariatric surgery on long-term weight outcome. Obes Surg. 2023;33:2072-82.
118. Abad J, Llop E, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty plus lifestyle intervention in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: a multicenter, sham-controlled, randomized trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025;23:1556-66.e3.
119. Aitharaju V, Ragheb J, Firkins S, Patel R, Simons-Linares CR. Endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies and its effect on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a review of the current literature. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2025;21:175-82.
120. Syed-Abdul MM. Lipid metabolism in metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Metabolites. 2023;14:12.
121. Ajmera V, Cepin S, Tesfai K, et al. A prospective study on the prevalence of NAFLD, advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in people with type 2 diabetes. J Hepatol. 2023;78:471-8.
122. Lomonaco R, Bril F, Portillo-Sanchez P, et al. Metabolic impact of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:632-8.
123. Alexopoulos AS, Crowley MJ, Wang Y, et al. Glycemic control predicts severity of hepatocyte ballooning and hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2021;74:1220-33.
124. Kramer JR, Natarajan Y, Dai J, et al. Effect of diabetes medications and glycemic control on risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2022;75:1420-8.
125. Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:367-78.e5.
126. Uusitupa M, Khan TA, Viguiliouk E, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle changes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11:2611.
127. Kirwan JP, Sacks J, Nieuwoudt S. The essential role of exercise in the management of type 2 diabetes. Cleve Clin J Med. 2017;84:S15-21.
128. Clina JG, Sayer RD, Pan Z, et al. High- and normal-protein diets improve body composition and glucose control in adults with type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. Obesity. 2023;31:2021-30.
129. Zelber-Sagi S, Moore JB. Practical lifestyle management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease for busy clinicians. Diabetes Spectr. 2024;37:39-47.
130. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al.; American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:e147-67.
131. Ernawati U, Wihastuti TA, Utami YW. Effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients: systematic literature review. J Public Health Res. 2021;10:2240.
132. Aloke C, Egwu CO, Aja PM, et al. Current advances in the management of diabetes mellitus. Biomedicines. 2022;10:2436.
133. Madigan CD, Graham HE, Sturgiss E, et al. Effectiveness of weight management interventions for adults delivered in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2022;377:e069719.
134. Cusi K, Orsak B, Bril F, et al. Long-term pioglitazone treatment for patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:305-15.
135. Musso G, Cassader M, Paschetta E, Gambino R. Thiazolidinediones and advanced liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177:633-40.
136. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al.; SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834-44.
137. Kanwal F, Shubrook JH, Adams LA, et al. Clinical care pathway for the risk stratification and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2021;161:1657-69.
138. Castera L, Cusi K. Diabetes and cirrhosis: current concepts on diagnosis and management. Hepatology. 2023;77:2128-46.
139. Arai T, Atsukawa M, Tsubota A, et al. Effect of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a propensity score-matched analysis of real-world data. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2021;12:20420188211000243.
140. Ong Lopez AMC, Pajimna JAT. Efficacy of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors on hepatic fibrosis and steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2024;14:2122.
141. Lin J, Huang Y, Xu B, et al. Effect of dapagliflozin on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2025;389:e083735.
142. Zsóri G, Illés D, Ivány E, et al. In new-onset diabetes mellitus, metformin reduces fat accumulation in the liver, but not in the pancreas or pericardium. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2019;17:289-95.
143. Joy TR, McKenzie CA, Tirona RG, et al. Sitagliptin in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol. 2017;23:141-50.
144. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47:S52-76.
145. Ng CH, Wong ZY, Chew NWS, et al. Hypertension is prevalent in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increases all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:942753.
146. Oikonomou D, Georgiopoulos G, Katsi V, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hypertension: coprevalent or correlated? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30:979-85.
147. Flack JM, Adekola B. Blood pressure and the new ACC/AHA hypertension guidelines. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;30:160-4.
148. Younossi ZM, Zelber-Sagi S, Henry L, Gerber LH. Lifestyle interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20:708-22.
149. Zhang Y, He D, Zhang W, et al. ACE inhibitor benefit to kidney and cardiovascular outcomes for patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease stages 3-5: a network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Drugs. 2020;80:797-811.
150. Zhang Y, Yu Y, Yu C. Antifibrotic roles of RAAS blockers: update. In: Liu B, Lan H, Lv L, editors. Renal fibrosis: mechanisms and therapies. Singapore: Springer; 2019. pp. 671-91.
151. Krishnan A, Schneider CV, Hadi Y, Mukherjee D, AlShehri B, Alqahtani SA. Cardiovascular and mortality outcomes with GLP-1 receptor agonists vs other glucose-lowering drugs in individuals with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes: a large population-based matched cohort study. Diabetologia. 2024;67:483-93.
152. de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia-Tsao G, Reiberger T, Ripoll C; Baveno VII Faculty. Baveno VII - Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;76:959-74.
153. Villanueva C, Albillos A, Genescà J, et al. β blockers to prevent decompensation of cirrhosis in patients with clinically significant portal hypertension (PREDESCI): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2019;393:1597-608.
154. Zhang QQ, Lu LG. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: dyslipidemia, risk for cardiovascular complications, and treatment strategy. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2015;3:78-84.
155. Chatrath H, Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Dyslipidemia in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis. 2012;32:22-9.
156. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64:73-84.
157. Dybiec J, Baran W, Dąbek B, et al. Advances in treatment of dyslipidemia. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:13288.
158. Lee JI, Lee HW, Lee KS, Lee HS, Park JY. Effects of statin use on the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a nationwide nested case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021;116:116-24.
159. Ciardullo S, Perseghin G. Statin use is associated with lower prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2021;121:154752.
160. Chiu WC, Shan JC, Yang YH, Chen VC, Chen PC. Statins and the risks of decompensated liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma determined in patients with alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;228:109096.
161. Speliotes EK, Balakrishnan M, Friedman LS, Corey KE. Treatment of dyslipidemia in common liver diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1189-96.
162. Eslami Z, Aghili SS, Ghafi AG. Atorvastatin on treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients. Chonnam Med J. 2024;60:13-20.
163. Dai W, Xu B, Li P, Weng J. Statins for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Ther. 2023;30:e17-25.
164. Wang EM, Asias-Dinh B, Rosario N. Review of recent literature and updates in nonstatin cholesterol management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2024;99:1449-68.
165. Ray KK, Nicholls SJ, Li N, et al.; CLEAR OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Efficacy and safety of bempedoic acid among patients with and without diabetes: prespecified analysis of the CLEAR outcomes randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12:19-28.
166. Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al.; Writing Committee. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:1366-418.
167. Ciffone N, McNeal CJ, McGowan MP, Ferdinand KC. Lipoprotein(a): an important piece of the ASCVD risk factor puzzle across diverse populations. Am Heart J Plus. 2024;38:100350.
168. Pamporis K, Karakasis P, Tsiachris D. Safety and effectiveness of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibition: an updated review. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2025;36:203-10.
169. Nissen SE, Lincoff AM, Brennan D, et al.; CLEAR Outcomes Investigators. Bempedoic acid and cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients. N Engl J Med. 2023;388:1353-64.
170. Yoo J, Jeon J, Baik M, Kim J. Effect of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease according to the fatty liver index. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2024;14:710-9.
171. Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. Circ Res. 2017;120:229-43.
172. Zhou Q, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins - Basic research and clinical perspectives. Circ J. 2010;74:818-26.
173. Jakielska E, Głuszak P, Walczak M, Bryl W. Effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a short review. Prz Gastroenterol. 2023;18:148-53.
174. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 9. Pharmacologic approaches to glycemic treatment: standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47:S158-78.
175. Akuta N, Kawamura Y, Fujiyama S, et al. Favorable impact of long-term SGLT2 inhibitor for NAFLD complicated by diabetes mellitus: a 5-year follow-up study. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6:2286-97.
176. Harrison SA, Bedossa P, Guy CD, et al.; MAESTRO-NASH Investigators. A phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of resmetirom in NASH with liver fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;390:497-509.
