REFERENCES
1. Bommer C, Sagalova V, Heesemann E, et al. Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:963-70.
2. Morrish NJ, Wang SL, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Keen H. Mortality and causes of death in the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44:S14-21.
3. Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care. 2012;35:1252-7.
4. Balakumar P, Maung-U K, Jagadeesh G. Prevalence and prevention of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Pharmacol Res. 2016;113:600-9.
5. Virani SS, Alonso A, Aparicio HJ, et al; American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2021 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137:e67-492.
6. Kodama S, Tanaka S, Heianza Y, et al. Association between physical activity and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:471-9.
7. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:S60-82.
8. Weitzer J, Castaño-Vinyals G, Aragonés N, et al. Effect of time of day of recreational and household physical activity on prostate and breast cancer risk (MCC-Spain study). Int J Cancer. 2021;148:1360-71.
9. Chomistek AK, Shiroma EJ, Lee IM. The relationship between time of day of physical activity and obesity in older women. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13:416-8.
10. Qian J, Walkup MP, Chen SH, et al; Look AHEAD Research Group. Association of objectively measured timing of physical activity bouts with cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:1046-54.
11. Ezagouri S, Zwighaft Z, Sobel J, et al. Physiological and molecular dissection of daily variance in exercise capacity. Cell Metab. 2019;30:78-91.e4.
12. Sato S, Basse AL, Schönke M, et al. Time of exercise specifies the impact on muscle metabolic pathways and systemic energy homeostasis. Cell Metab. 2019;30:92-110.e4.
13. Scheer FA, Hu K, Evoniuk H, et al. Impact of the human circadian system, exercise, and their interaction on cardiovascular function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:20541-6.
14. Qian J, Scheer FA, Hu K, Shea SA. The circadian system modulates the rate of recovery of systolic blood pressure after exercise in humans. Sleep. 2020;43:zsz253.
15. Savikj M, Gabriel BM, Alm PS, et al. Afternoon exercise is more efficacious than morning exercise at improving blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2019;62:233-7.
16. Albalak G, Stijntjes M, van Bodegom D, et al. Setting your clock: associations between timing of objective physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in the general population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30:232-40.
17. von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP; STROBE Initiative. The strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:573-7.
18. Doherty A, Jackson D, Hammerla N, et al. Large scale population assessment of physical activity using wrist worn accelerometers: the UK biobank study. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0169649.
19. Feng H, Yang L, Liang YY, et al. Associations of timing of physical activity with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a prospective cohort study. Nat Commun. 2023;14:930.
20. Klimentidis YC, Raichlen DA, Bea J, et al. Genome-wide association study of habitual physical activity in over 377,000 UK Biobank participants identifies multiple variants including CADM2 and APOE. Int J Obes. 2018;42:1161-76.
21. Little JP, Gillen JB, Percival ME, et al. Low-volume high-intensity interval training reduces hyperglycemia and increases muscle mitochondrial capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:1554-60.
22. Jelleyman C, Yates T, O’Donovan G, et al. The effects of high-intensity interval training on glucose regulation and insulin resistance: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2015;16:942-61.
23. Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2065-79.
24. Tipton CM. The history of “exercise is medicine” in ancient civilizations. Adv Physiol Educ. 2014;38:109-17.
25. Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH, et al. Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2022;54:353-68.
26. DiPietro L, Gribok A, Stevens MS, Hamm LF, Rumpler W. Three 15-min bouts of moderate postmeal walking significantly improves 24-h glycemic control in older people at risk for impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:3262-8.
27. Moholdt T, Parr EB, Devlin BL, Debik J, Giskeødegård G, Hawley JA. The effect of morning vs evening exercise training on glycaemic control and serum metabolites in overweight/obese men: a randomised trial. Diabetologia. 2021;64:2061-76.
28. Munan M, Dyck RA, Houlder S, et al. Does exercise timing affect 24-hour glucose concentrations in adults with type 2 diabetes? A follow up to the exercise-physical activity and diabetes glucose monitoring study. Can J Diabetes. 2020;44:711-8.e1.
29. Hetherington-Rauth M, Magalhães JP, Rosa GB, et al. Morning versus afternoon physical activity and health-related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24:1172-5.
30. Brito LC, Peçanha T, Fecchio RY, et al. Comparison of morning versus evening aerobic-exercise training on heart rate recovery in treated hypertensive men: a randomized controlled trial. Blood Press Monit. 2021;26:388-92.
31. Hower IM, Harper SA, Buford TW. Circadian rhythms, exercise, and cardiovascular health. J Circadian Rhythms. 2018;16:7.
32. Albalak G, Stijntjes M, Wijsman CA, et al. Timing of objectively-collected physical activity in relation to body weight and metabolic health in sedentary older people: a cross-sectional and prospective analysis. Int J Obes. 2022;46:515-22.
33. Schumacher LM, Thomas JG, Raynor HA, Rhodes RE, Bond DS. Consistent morning exercise may be beneficial for individuals with obesity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2020;48:201-8.
34. Park S, Jastremski CA, Wallace JP. Time of day for exercise on blood pressure reduction in dipping and nondipping hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:597-605.
35. Savikj M, Stocks B, Sato S, et al. Exercise timing influences multi-tissue metabolome and skeletal muscle proteome profiles in type 2 diabetic patients - a randomized crossover trial. Metabolism. 2022;135:155268.






