REFERENCES
1. Addison T. Observations on fatty degeneration of the liver. Guy’s Hosp Rep 1836;1:485.
2. Ayonrinde OT. Historical narrative from fatty liver in the nineteenth century to contemporary NAFLD - reconciling the present with the past. JHEP Rep 2021;3:100261.
3. von Rokitansky K F. A manual of pathological anatomy. Sydenham society;1854. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=06AEAAAAQAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=+A+manual+of+pathological+anatomy&ots=XIBROfcSFg&sig=I2CoVm53BEMvZgjnm_kZCPfWPBs#v=onepage&q=A%20manual%20of%20pathological%20anatomy&f=false.
4. Budd G. On diseases of the liver. Blanchard and Lea;1853. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=-eE2pRbzF3wC&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&dq=On+diseases+of+the+liver&ots=CYMBQc4BLx&sig=1XuS_DvEPs_t_diX-gPP6-xYI_0#v=onepage&q=On%20diseases%20of%20the%20liver&f=false.
5. Connor CL. Fatty infiltration of the liver and the development of cirrhosis in diabetes and chronic alcoholism. Am J Pathol 1938;14:347.
6. Himsworth HP. Discussion: liver damage of metabolic origin. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1949;42:201-6.
8. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Ott BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-8.
11. Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999;107:450-5.
12. Ciardullo S, Monti T, Perseghin G. High prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastography among U.S. adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2021;44:519-25.
13. Ciardullo S, Oltolini A, Cannistraci R, Muraca E, Perseghin G. Sex-related association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis with body fat distribution in the general US population. Am J Clin Nutr 2022;115:1528-34.
14. Ciardullo S, Monti T, Grassi G, Mancia G, Perseghin G. Blood pressure, glycemic status and advanced liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastography in the general United States population. J Hypertens 2021;39:1621-7.
15. Ciardullo S, Perseghin G. Statin use is associated with lower prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2021;121:154752.
16. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, et al. Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases in the USA in the past three decades. Gut 2020;69:564-8.
17. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016;64:73-84.
18. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Price JK, et al. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;21:S1542-3565(24)00287.
19. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, de Avila L, et al. The global epidemiology of NAFLD and NASH in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol 2019;71:793-801.
20. Ciardullo S, Monti T, Perseghin G. Prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis detected by transient elastography in adolescents in the 2017-2018 national health and nutrition examination survey. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:384-390.e1.
21. Ciardullo S, Carbone M, Invernizzi P, Perseghin G. Impact of the new definition of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on detection of significant liver fibrosis in US adolescents. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:2070-8.
22. Brunt EM, Janney CG, Di Bisceglie AM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bacon BR. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a proposal for grading and staging the histological lesions. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:2467-74.
23. Ekstedt M, Hagström H, Nasr P, et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology 2015;61:1547-54.
24. Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, et al. Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2017;65:1557-65.
25. Taylor RS, Taylor RJ, Bayliss S, et al. Association between fibrosis stage and outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1611-1625.e12.
26. Bucci L, Garuti F, Lenzi B, et al. Italian Liver Cancer Group. The evolutionary scenario of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy: an update. Liver Int 2017;37:259-70.
27. Piscaglia F, Svegliati-Baroni G, Barchetti A, et al. HCC-NAFLD Italian Study Group. Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multicenter prospective study. Hepatology 2016;63:827-38.
28. Perseghin G, Bonfanti R, Magni S, et al. Insulin resistance and whole body energy homeostasis in obese adolescents with fatty liver disease. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E697-703.
29. Valenti LVC, Moretti V. Implications of the evolving knowledge of the genetic architecture of MASLD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;21:5-6.
30. Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet 2008;40:1461-5.
31. Palmer ND, Musani SK, Yerges-Armstrong LM, et al. Characterization of European ancestry nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated variants in individuals of African and Hispanic descent. Hepatology 2013;58:966-75.
32. Krawczyk M, Rau M, Schattenberg JM, et al. NAFLD Clinical Study Group. Combined effects of the PNPLA3 rs738409, TM6SF2 rs58542926, and MBOAT7 rs641738 variants on NAFLD severity: a multicenter biopsy-based study. J Lipid Res 2017;58:247-55.
33. Liu YL, Reeves HL, Burt AD, et al. TM6SF2 rs58542926 influences hepatic fibrosis progression in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Commun 2014;5:4309.
34. Riazi K, Swain MG, Congly SE, Kaplan GG, Shaheen AA. Race and ethnicity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a narrative review. Nutrients 2022;14:4556.
35. Rich NE, Oji S, Mufti AR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence, severity, and outcomes in the united states: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:198-210.e2.
36. Tovoli F, Stefanini B, Mandrioli D, et al. Exploring occupational toxicant exposures in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a prospective pilot study. Dig Liver Dis 2024;56:571-8.
37. Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Deretzi G, Zavos C, Mantzoros CS. The emerging role of endocrine disruptors in pathogenesis of insulin resistance: a concept implicating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr Mol Med 2012;12:68-82.
38. Cheng WC, Wong PY, Wu CD, Cheng PN, Lee PC, Li CY. Non-linear association between long-term air pollution exposure and risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Environ Health Prev Med 2024;29:7.
40. Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, Tilg H, Byrne CD, Targher G. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 501 022 adult individuals. Gut 2021;70:962-9.
41. Mantovani A, Zaza G, Byrne CD, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease increases risk of incident chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Metabolism 2018;79:64-76.
42. Ciardullo S, Ballabeni C, Trevisan R, Perseghin G. Liver fibrosis assessed by transient elastography is independently associated with albuminuria in the general United States population. Dig Liver Dis 2021;53:866-72.
43. Mantovani A, Petracca G, Beatrice G, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of incident extrahepatic cancers: a meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Gut 2022;71:778-88.
44. Shedlock K, Susi A, Gorman GH, Hisle-Gorman E, Erdie-Lalena CR, Nylund CM. Autism spectrum disorders and metabolic complications of obesity. J Pediatr 2016;178:183-187.e1.
45. Hydes TJ, Kennedy OJ, Glyn-Owen K, et al. Liver fibrosis assessed via noninvasive tests is associated with incident heart failure in a general population cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;22:1657-67.
46. Kasper P, Martin A, Lang S, et al. NAFLD and cardiovascular diseases: a clinical review. Clin Res Cardiol 2021;110:921-37.
47. Ciardullo S, Morabito G, Rea F, Savaré L, Perseghin G, Corrao G. Time trends in liver-related mortality in people with and without diabetes: results from a population based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024;20:dgae182.
48. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Ong J, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:580-589.e5.
49. Karlsen TH, Sheron N, Zelber-Sagi S, et al. The EASL-Lancet Liver Commission: protecting the next generation of Europeans against liver disease complications and premature mortality. Lancet 2022;399:61-116.
50. Israelsen M, Juel HB, Detlefsen S, et al. GALAXY and MicrobLiver consortiak. Metabolic and genetic risk factors are the strongest predictors of severity of alcohol-related liver fibrosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;20:1784-1794.e9.
51. Kim HS, Xiao X, Byun J, et al. Synergistic Associations of PNPLA3 I148M Variant, Alcohol intake, and obesity with risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e2234221.
52. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health 2018. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639[DOI:10.4324/9780203029732-13.
53. Griswold M G, Fullman N, Hawley C, et al. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2018;392:1015-35.
54. 2020 Alcohol Collaborators. Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2020. Lancet 2022;400:185-235.
55. Sehrawat TS, Arab JP, Liu M, et al. Circulating extracellular vesicles carrying sphingolipid cargo for the diagnosis and dynamic risk profiling of alcoholic hepatitis. Hepatology 2021;73:571-85.
56. Nasr P, Wester A, Ekstedt M, et al. Misclassified alcohol-related liver disease is common in presumed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and highly increases risk for future cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;22:1048-1057.e2.
57. Conigrave KM, Saunders JB, Reznik RB. Predictive capacity of the AUDIT questionnaire for alcohol-related harm. Addiction 1995;90:1479-85.
58. Staufer K, Huber-Schönauer U, Strebinger G, et al. Ethyl glucuronide in hair detects a high rate of harmful alcohol consumption in presumed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2022;77:918-30.
59. Kintz P. 2014 consensus for the use of alcohol markers in hair for assessment of both abstinence and chronic excessive alcohol consumption. Forensic Sci Int 2015;249:A1-2.
61. Schomerus G, Lucht M, Holzinger A, Matschinger H, Carta MG, Angermeyer MC. The stigma of alcohol dependence compared with other mental disorders: a review of population studies. Alcohol Alcohol 2011;46:105-12.
62. Younossi ZM, Alqahtani SA, Alswat K, et al. Global NASH Council. Global survey of stigma among physicians and patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2024;80:419-30.
63. Lonardo A, Bril F, Caldwell SH, et al. Researchers call for more flexible editorial conduct rather than abruptly adopting only the new MASLD nomenclature. J Hepatol 2024;80:e192-4.
64. Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review with comparative analysis. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:3361-73.
65. Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2016;64:1388-402.
66. Glen J, Floros L, Day C, Pryke R. Guideline Development Group. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2016;354:i4428.
67. Wong VW, Chan WK, Chitturi S, et al. Asia-Pacific Working Party on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease guidelines 2017-Part 1: Definition, risk factors and assessment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;33:70-85.
68. Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF). AISF position paper on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): updates and future directions. Dig Liver Dis 2017;49:471-83.
69. Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J Hepatol 2020;73:202-9.
70. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Ann Hepatol 2024;29:101133.
71. Yamamura S, Eslam M, Kawaguchi T, et al. MAFLD identifies patients with significant hepatic fibrosis better than NAFLD. Liver Int 2020;40:3018-30.
72. Lin S, Huang J, Wang M, et al. Comparison of MAFLD and NAFLD diagnostic criteria in real world. Liver Int 2020;40:2082-9.
73. Ciardullo S, Perseghin G. Prevalence of NAFLD, MAFLD and associated advanced fibrosis in the contemporary United States population. Liver Int 2021;41:1290-3.
74. Hagström H, Vessby J, Ekstedt M, Shang Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J Hepatol 2024;80:e76-7.
75. Ratziu V, Boursier J. AFEF Group for the Study of Liver Fibrosis. Confirmatory biomarker diagnostic studies are not needed when transitioning from NAFLD to MASLD. J Hepatol 2024;80:e51-2.
76. Perseghin G. Exploring the in vivo mechanisms of action of glucokinase activators in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:4871-3.
77. Lee CM, Yoon EL, Kim M, et al. Prevalence, distribution, and hepatic fibrosis burden of the different subtypes of steatotic liver disease in primary care settings. Hepatology 2024;79:1393-400.
78. Lee BP, Dodge JL, Terrault NA. National prevalence estimates for steatotic liver disease and subclassifications using consensus nomenclature. Hepatology 24;79:666-73.
79. Israelsen M, Torp N, Johansen S, et al. GALAXY consortium. Validation of the new nomenclature of steatotic liver disease in patients with a history of excessive alcohol intake: an analysis of data from a prospective cohort study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024;9:218-28.
80. Israelsen M, Torp N, Johansen S, Thiele M, Krag A. MetALD: new opportunities to understand the role of alcohol in steatotic liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;8:866-8.
81. Choe HJ, Moon JH, Kim W, Koo BK, Cho NH. Steatotic liver disease predicts cardiovascular disease and advanced liver fibrosis: a community-dwelling cohort study with 20-year follow-up. Metabolism 2024;153:155800.
82. Han E, Lee BW, Kang ES, et al. Mortality in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Metabolism 2024;152:155789.
83. Kim D, Wijarnpreecha K, Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and all-cause/cause-specific mortality among adults in the United States. J Hepatol 2024;80:e79-81.
84. Lee HH, Lee HA, Kim EJ, et al. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and risk of cardiovascular disease. Gut 2024;73:533-40.
85. Ciardullo S, Mantovani A, Morieri ML, Muraca E, Invernizzi P, Perseghin G. Impact of MASLD and MetALD on clinical outcomes: a meta-analysis of preliminary evidence. Liver Int 2024;44:1762-7.
86. Ramírez-Mejía MM, Jiménez-Gutiérrez C, Eslam M, George J, Méndez-Sánchez N. Breaking new ground: MASLD vs. MAFLD-which holds the key for risk stratification? Hepatol Int 2024;18:168-78.
87. De A, Bhagat N, Mehta M, Taneja S, Duseja A. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) definition is better than MAFLD criteria for lean patients with NAFLD. J Hepatol 2024;80:e61-2.
88. Pan Z, Shiha G, Esmat G, Méndez-Sánchez N, Eslam M. MAFLD predicts cardiovascular disease risk better than MASLD. Liver Int 2024;44:1567-74.
89. Byrne CD, Targher G. MASLD, MAFLD, or NAFLD criteria: have we re-created the confusion and acrimony surrounding Metabolic syndrome? Metab Target Organ Damage 2024;4:10.
91. National Cholesterol Education Program (US); Expert Panel On Detection, Treatment Of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults. Third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult treatment panel III). The Program, 2002. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?hl=zh-CN&lr=&id=VKpLAQAAIAAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR2&dq=Third+report+of+the+national+cholesterol+education+program+(NCEP)+expert+panel+on+detection,+evaluation,+and+treatment+of+high+blood+cholesterol+in+adults&ots=jXkq2nMHhu&sig=07y2oicjyvSXt6TpFIho3hc-lSM#v=onepage&q=Third%20report%20of%20the%20national%20cholesterol%20education%20program%20(NCEP)%20expert%20panel%20on%20detection%2C%20evaluation%2C%20and%20treatment%20of%20high%20blood%20cholesterol%20in%20adults&f=false.
92. Alberti, KG, Eckel, RH, Grundy SM et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. Circulation 2009;120:1640-5.
93. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991;14:173-94.
94. DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol 1979;237:E214-23.
95. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412-9.
96. Perseghin G, Caumo A, Caloni M, Testolin G, Luzi L. Incorporation of the fasting plasma FFA concentration into QUICKI improves its association with insulin sensitivity in nonobese individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:4776-81.
97. Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2402-10.
98. Ciardullo S, Dodesini AR, Lepore G, et al. Development of a new model of insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes and association with mortality. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024;109:1308-17.
99. Bonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, et al. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2000;23:57-63.
100. Tohidi M, Arbab P, Ghasemi A. Assay-dependent variability of serum insulin concentrations: a comparison of eight assays. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2017;77:122-9.
101. Guzder RN, Gatling W, Mullee MA, Byrne CD. Impact of metabolic syndrome criteria on cardiovascular disease risk in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006;49:49-55.
102. Shang Y, Grip ET, Modica A, et al. Metabolic syndrome traits increase the risk of major adverse liver outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2024;47:978-85.
103. Asghar A, Sheikh N. Role of immune cells in obesity induced low grade inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Immunol 2017;315:18-26.
104. Park H, Yoon EL, Kim M, Cho S, Nah EH, Jun DW. Nomenclature dilemma of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD): considerable proportions of mafld are metabolic healthy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;21:1041-1049.e3.
105. Stefan N. Metabolically healthy and unhealthy normal weight and obesity. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020;35:487-93.
106. Hrasko T, Bendlová B, Hainer V, Haluzík M. Metabolically healthy obese individuals - mechanisms and clinical relevance. Cesk Fysiol 2016;65:38-46.
107. Calori G, Lattuada G, Piemonti L, et al. Prevalence, metabolic features, and prognosis of metabolically healthy obese Italian individuals: the cremona study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:210-5.
108. Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, Graubard BI. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2013;309:71-82.
109. Gruberg L, Weissman NJ, Waksman R, et al. The impact of obesity on the short-term and long-term outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: the obesity paradox? J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:578-84.
110. Hainer V, Aldhoon-Hainerová I. Obesity paradox does exist. Diabetes Care 2013;36 Suppl 2:S276-81.
111. Global BMI Mortality Collaboration, Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju ShN, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 2016;388:776-86.
113. Mongraw-Chaffin M, Foster MC, Anderson CAM, et al. Metabolically healthy obesity, transition to metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:1857-65.
114. Singh A, Dhaliwal AS, Singh S, et al. Awareness of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing but remains very low in a representative us cohort. Dig Dis Sci 2020;65:978-86.
