REFERENCES
1. Tangri N, Svensson MK, Bodegård J, et al. Mortality, health care burden, and treatment of CKD: a multinational, observational study (OPTIMISE-CKD). Kidney360. 2024;5:352-62.
2. 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204-22.
3. De Cosmo S, Menzaghi C, Prudente S, Trischitta V. Role of insulin resistance in kidney dysfunction: insights into the mechanism and epidemiological evidence. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28:29-36.
4. Pham H, Utzschneider KM, de Boer IH. Measurement of insulin resistance in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2011;20:640-6.
5. DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol. 1979;237:E214-23.
6. Pambianco G, Costacou T, Orchard TJ. The prediction of major outcomes of type 1 diabetes: a 12-year prospective evaluation of three separate definitions of the metabolic syndrome and their components and estimated glucose disposal rate: the Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study experience. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1248-54.
7. Peng J, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, et al. Estimated glucose disposal rate for predicting cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with non-diabetic chronic kidney disease: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2024;22:411.
8. Mao Y, Zhong W. Changes of insulin resistance status and development of complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus: analysis of DCCT/EDIC study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;184:109211.
9. Lonardo A, Byrne CD, Targher G. Precision medicine approaches in metabolic disorders and target organ damage: where are we now, and where are we going? Metab Target Organ Damage. 2021;1:3.
10. Yan Y, Han Y, Liu B, et al. Optimal blood pressure control target for older patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CVIA. 2023;7:1-12.
11. Zhang F, Yu Z. Mendelian randomization study on insulin resistance and risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Sci Rep. 2024;14:6191.
12. Zeng J, Zhang T, Yang Y, et al. Association between a metabolic score for insulin resistance and hypertension: results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2016 analyses. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1369600.
13. Niu ZJ, Cui Y, Wei T, et al. The effect of insulin resistance in the association between obesity and hypertension incidence among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: data from China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Front Public Health. 2024;12:1320918.
14. Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:61-8.
15. Li W, Yuan D, Wang M, Tang H, Guo C. The effect of clean cooking on the social participation of middle-aged and older adults in China: a prospective cohort study. Sci Total Environ. 2024;922:171207.
16. Chen W, Wang X, Chen J, et al. Household air pollution, adherence to a healthy lifestyle, and risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. Sci Total Environ. 2023;855:158896.
17. Ren X, Jiang M, Han L, Zheng X. Estimated glucose disposal rate and risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:968.
18. Liao J, Wang L, Duan L, et al. Association between estimated glucose disposal rate and cardiovascular diseases in patients with diabetes or prediabetes: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2025;24:13.
19. Yan L, Zhou Z, Wu X, et al. Association between the changes in the estimated glucose disposal rate and new-onset cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and elderly individuals: a nationwide prospective cohort study in China. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:1859-67.
20. Helliwell R, Warnes H, Kietsiriroje N, et al. Body mass index, estimated glucose disposal rate and vascular complications in type 1 diabetes: beyond glycated haemoglobin. Diabet Med. 2021;38:e14529.
21. Michels WM, Grootendorst DC, Verduijn M, Elliott EG, Dekker FW, Krediet RT. Performance of the Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD, and new CKD-EPI formulas in relation to GFR, age, and body size. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1003-9.
22. Zhang Z, He P, Liu M, et al. Association of depressive symptoms with rapid kidney function decline in adults with normal kidney function. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;16:889-97.
23. Zhou W, Li Y, Ning Y, et al. Social isolation is associated with rapid kidney function decline and the development of chronic kidney diseases in middle-aged and elderly adults: findings from the china health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Front Med. 2021;8:782624.
24. Ran J, Tao C, Zhang S, et al. Circadian syndrome is associated with the development of chronic kidney disease and rapid decline in kidney function in middle-aged and elder adults: a China nationwide cohort study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2024;28:100011.
25. Penno G, Solini A, Orsi E, et al; Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Study Group. Insulin resistance, diabetic kidney disease, and all-cause mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2021;19:66.
26. Šimonienė D, Platūkiene A, Prakapienė E, Radzevičienė L, Veličkiene D. Insulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus and its association with patient’s micro- and macrovascular complications, sex hormones, and other clinical data. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11:161-74.
27. Ebert T, Anker SD, Ruilope LM, et al; FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD Investigators. Outcomes with finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes by baseline insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2024;47:362-70.
28. Karamanakos G, Barmpagianni A, Kapelios CJ, et al. The association of insulin resistance measured through the estimated glucose disposal rate with predictors of micro-and macrovascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2022;16:837-43.
29. Wu B, Bell K, Stanford A, et al. Understanding CKD among patients with T2DM: prevalence, temporal trends, and treatment patterns-NHANES 2007-2012. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4:e000154.
30. Wagnew F, Eshetie S, Kibret GD, et al. Diabetic nephropathy and hypertension in diabetes patients of sub-Saharan countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:565.
31. Castro L, Brant L, Diniz MF, et al. Association of hypertension and insulin resistance in individuals free of diabetes in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. Sci Rep. 2023;13:9456.
32. Quesada O, Claggett B, Rodriguez F, et al. Associations of insulin resistance with systolic and diastolic blood pressure: a study from the HCHS/SOL. Hypertension. 2021;78:716-25.
33. Yamaguchi T, Kanazawa I, Takaoka S, Sugimoto T. Serum calcium is positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose and insulin resistance, independent of parathyroid hormone, in male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60:1334-9.
34. Salvetti A, Brogi G, Di Legge V, Bernini GP. The inter-relationship between insulin resistance and hypertension. Drugs. 1993;46:149-59.
35. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ. Insulin resistance and hypertension: the chicken-egg question revisited. Circulation. 2005;112:1678-80.
36. Huh JH, Yadav D, Kim JS, et al. An association of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease from a 10-year prospective cohort study. Metabolism. 2017;67:54-61.
37. Stopford R, Winkley K, Ismail K. Social support and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies. Patient Educ Couns. 2013;93:549-58.