REFERENCES
1. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology 2023;78:1966-86.
2. Iqbal U, Perumpail BJ, Akhtar D, Kim D, Ahmed A. The epidemiology, risk profiling and diagnostic challenges of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Medicines 2019;6:41.
3. Younossi ZM, Wong G, Anstee QM, Henry L. The global burden of liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;21:1978-91.
4. Kumar R, Priyadarshi RN, Anand U. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Growing Burden, Adverse Outcomes and Associations. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020;8:76-86.
5. Li W, Ng CH, Quek J, et al. The growing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), determined by fatty liver index, amongst young adults in the United States. A 20-year experience. Metab Target Organ Damage 2022;2:19.
6. Estes C, Razavi H, Loomba R, Younossi Z, Sanyal AJ. Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease. Hepatology 2018;67:123-33.
7. Hagström H, Vessby J, Ekstedt M, Shang Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J Hepatol 2024;80:e76-7.
8. Nasr P, Jönsson C, Ekstedt M, Kechagias S. Non-metabolic causes of steatotic liver disease. Metab Target Organ Damage 2023;3:19.
9. Song SJ, Lai JC, Wong GL, Wong VW, Yip TC. Can we use old NAFLD data under the new MASLD definition? J Hepatol 2024;80:e54-6.
10. Patel P, Muller C, Paul S. Racial disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease clinical trial enrollment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Hepatol 2020;12:506-18.
11. Jennings J, Faselis C, Yao MD. NAFLD-NASH: An under-recognized epidemic. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2018;16:209-13.
12. Thandra KC, Barsouk A, Saginala K, Aluru JS, Rawla P, Barsouk A. Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Clin Exp Hepatol 2020;6:289-94.
13. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004;40:1387-95.
14. Rich NE, Oji S, Mufti AR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence, severity, and outcomes in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:198-210.e2.
15. Talens M, Tumas N, Lazarus JV, Benach J, Pericàs JM. What do we know about inequalities in NAFLD distribution and outcomes? A scoping review. J Clin Med 2021;10:5019.
16. Bambha K, Belt P, Abraham M, et al. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network Research Group. Ethnicity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2012;55:769-80.
17. Cullen MR, Lemeshow AR, Russo LJ, Barnes DM, Ababio Y, Habtezion A. Disease-specific health disparities: a targeted review focusing on race and ethnicity. Healthcare 2022;10:603.
18. Adejumo AC, Samuel GO, Adegbala OM, et al. Prevalence, trends, outcomes, and disparities in hospitalizations for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States. Ann Gastroenterol 2019;32:504-13.
19. Le MH, Yeo YH, Cheung R, Wong VW, Nguyen MH. Ethnic influence on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence and lack of disease awareness in the United States, 2011-2016. J Intern Med 2020;287:711-22.
20. Shaheen M, Schrode KM, Tedlos M, Pan D, Najjar SM, Friedman TC. Racial/ethnic and gender disparity in the severity of NAFLD among people with diabetes or prediabetes. Front Physiol 2023;14:1076730.
21. Arshad T, Paik JM, Biswas R, Alqahtani SA, Henry L, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence trends among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2007-2016. Hepatol Commun 2021;5:1676-88.
22. Botero P, Hoy EM, Jimenez MC, Koru-Sengul T, Messiah SE. Predictors of non-alcoholic liver disease in ethnically diverse overweight children and adolescents. Curr Pediatr Rev 2018;14:130-5.
23. Fernandes DM, Pantangi V, Azam M, et al. Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in New York city: an autopsy study. J Pediatr 2018;200:174-80.
24. Dybbro E, Dongarwar D, Salihu HM, Ihekweazu FD. Trends and disparities in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hospitalizations in the United States. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2022;74:503-9.
25. Browning MG, Khoraki J, DeAntonio JH, et al. Protective effect of black relative to white race against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with severe obesity, independent of type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes 2018;42:926-9.
26. Mahabaleshwarkar R, Liu TL, McKillop IH, Spencer M. The association between metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosis varies by race. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2022;20:286-94.
27. Bril F, Portillo-Sanchez P, Liu IC, Kalavalapalli S, Dayton K, Cusi K. Clinical and histologic characterization of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in African American patients. Diabetes Care 2018;41:187-92.
28. Golabi P, Paik J, Hwang JP, Wang S, Lee HM, Younossi ZM. Prevalence and outcomes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among Asian American adults in the United States. Liver Int 2019;39:748-57.
29. Barritt AS, Watkins S, Gitlin N, et al. Patient determinants for histologic diagnosis of NAFLD in the real world: A TARGET-NASH study. Hepatol Commun 2021;5:938-46.
30. Lomonaco R, Ortiz-Lopez C, Orsak B, et al. Effect of adipose tissue insulin resistance on metabolic parameters and liver histology in obese patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2012;55:1389-97.
31. Ha J, Chaudhri A, Avirineni A, Pan JJ. Burden of hepatocellular carcinoma among Hispanics in South Texas: a systematic review. Biomark Res 2017;5:15.
32. Zarrinpar A, Faltermeier CM, Agopian VG, et al. Metabolic factors affecting hepatocellular carcinoma in steatohepatitis. Liver Int 2019;39:531-9.
33. Chang ET, Yang J, Alfaro-Velcamp T, So SK, Glaser SL, Gomez SL. Disparities in liver cancer incidence by nativity, acculturation, and socioeconomic status in California Hispanics and Asians. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19:3106-18.
35. Qayed E, Migdal AL, Jagannathan R, Miller LS, Pasquel FJ. Characteristics and outcomes of black and white patients hospitalized with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a nationwide analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2023;57:508-14.
36. Couto CA, Gelape CL, Calmet F, Martin P, Levy C. Effect of ethnicity on liver transplant for hepatocellular carcinoma. Exp Clin Transplant 2013;11:339-45.
37. Villalón A, Díaz LA, Fuentes-lópez E, et al. Colorectal adenomas and MAFLD: a cross-sectional study in a Hispanic screening cohort. Metab Target Organ Damage 2022;2:3.
38. Balakrishnan M, Seth A, Cortes-Santiago N, et al. External validation of four point-of-care noninvasive scores for predicting advanced hepatic fibrosis in a predominantly Hispanic NAFLD population. Dig Dis Sci 2021;66:2387-93.
39. De Silva S, Li W, Kemos P, et al. Non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in fatty liver disease are unreliable in people of South Asian descent. Frontline Gastroenterol 2018;9:115-21.
40. Mitsche MA, Hobbs HH, Cohen JC. Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 promotes transfer of essential fatty acids from triglycerides to phospholipids in hepatic lipid droplets. J Biol Chem 2018;293:9232.
41. Luukkonen PK, Nick A, Hölttä-Vuori M, et al. Human PNPLA3-I148M variant increases hepatic retention of polyunsaturated fatty acids. JCI Insight 2019;4:127902.
42. Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet 2008;40:1461-5.
43. Auton A, Brooks LD, Durbin RM, et al. 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A global reference for human genetic variation. Nature 2015;526:68-74.
44. Roe JD, Garcia LA, Klimentidis YC, Coletta DK. Association of PNPLA3 I148M with liver disease biomarkers in latinos. Hum Hered 2021;86:21-7.
45. Rutledge SM, Soper ER, Ma N, et al. Association of HSD17B13 and PNPLA3 with liver enzymes and fibrosis in Hispanic/latino individuals of diverse genetic ancestries. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;21:2578-87.e11.
46. Young KA, Palmer ND, Fingerlin TE, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies loci for liver enzyme concentrations in Mexican Americans: The guardian consortium. Obesity 2019;27:1331-7.
47. Walker RW, Belbin GM, Sorokin EP, et al. A common variant in PNPLA3 is associated with age at diagnosis of NAFLD in patients from a multi-ethnic biobank. J Hepatol 2020;72:1070-81.
48. Kallwitz ER, Tayo BO, Kuniholm MH, et al. American ancestry is a risk factor for suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic/latino adults. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:2301-9.
49. Wang J, Conti DV, Bogumil D, et al. Association of genetic risk score with NAFLD in an ethnically diverse cohort. Hepatol Commun 2021;5:1689-703.
50. Kallwitz E, Tayo BO, Kuniholm MH, et al. Association of HSD17B13 rs72613567:TA with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanics/Latinos. Liver Int 2020;40:889-93.
51. Jiao J, Kwan SY, Sabotta CM, et al. Circulating fatty acids associated with advanced liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in South Texas Hispanics. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021;30:1643-51.
52. Mazi TA, Borkowski K, Fiehn O, et al. Plasma oxylipin profile discriminates ethnicities in subjects with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: an exploratory analysis. Metabolites 2022;12:192.
53. Mazi TA, Borkowski K, Newman JW, et al. Ethnicity-specific alterations of plasma and hepatic lipidomic profiles are related to high NAFLD rate and severity in Hispanic Americans, a pilot study. Free Radic Biol Med 2021;172:490-502.
54. Rausch JC, Lavine JE, Chalasani N, et al. NASH Clinical Research Network. Genetic variants associated with obesity and insulin resistance in Hispanic boys with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018;66:789-96.
55. Umano GR, Caprio S, Di Sessa A, et al. The rs626283 variant in the MBOAT7 gene is associated with insulin resistance and fatty liver in caucasian obese youth. Am J Gastroenterol 2018;113:376-83.
56. Nichols PH, Pan Y, May B, et al. Effect of TSH on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) independent of obesity in children of predominantly Hispanic/Latino ancestry by causal mediation analysis. PLoS One 2020;15:e0234985.
57. Wu H, Zhu L, Kinnear D, Triggs N, Quintanilla NM, Himes R. Clinical, laboratory, and histologic correlates of serum antinuclear antibody in Hispanic pediatric patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Clin Pathol 2022;158:221-7.
58. Frediani JK, Naioti EA, Vos MB, Figueroa J, Marsit CJ, Welsh JA. Arsenic exposure and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among United States adolescents and adults: an association modified by race/ethnicity, NHANES 2005-2014. Environ Health 2018;17:6.
59. Verstraete SG, Wojcicki JM, Perito ER, Rosenthal P. Bisphenol a increases risk for presumed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Hispanic adolescents in NHANES 2003-2010. Environ Health 2018;17:12.
60. Chen R, Xu Y, Xu C, et al. Associations between mercury exposure and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in US adolescents. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;26:31384-91.
61. Han S, Sung GH, Lee S, Han KJ, Han HJ. Serum cadmium is associated with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis: Korean national health and nutrition examination survey data IV-VII. Medicine 2022;101:e28559.
62. Jones DH, Yu X, Guo Q, Duan X, Jia C. Racial disparities in the heavy metal contamination of urban soil in the Southeastern United States. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:1105.
64. Juanola O, Martínez-López S, Francés R, Gómez-Hurtado I. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: metabolic, genetic, epigenetic and environmental risk factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021;18:5227.
65. Williams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI, et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology 2011;140:124-31.
66. Ryu S, Chang Y, Jung HS, et al. Relationship of sitting time and physical activity with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2015;63:1229-37.
67. Caviglia GP, Rosso C, Fagoonee S, Saracco GM, Pellicano R. Liver fibrosis: the 2017 state of art. Panminerva Med 2017;59:320-31.
68. Mota M, Banini BA, Cazanave SC, Sanyal AJ. Molecular mechanisms of lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2016;65:1049-61.
69. Chen H, Wang J, Li Z, et al. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has a dose-dependent effect on the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2192.
70. Baratta F, Pastori D, Polimeni L, et al. Adherence to mediterranean diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: effect on insulin resistance. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:1832-9.
71. Kim D, Vazquez-Montesino LM, Li AA, Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Inadequate physical activity and sedentary behavior are independent predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2020;72:1556-68.
72. Heredia NI, Zhang X, Balakrishnan M, et al. Physical activity and diet quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study in a representative sample of United States adults using NHANES 2017-2018. Prev Med 2022;154:106903.
73. Heredia NI, Zhang X, Balakrishnan M, Hwang JP, Thrift AP. Association of lifestyle behaviors with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis detected by transient elastography among Hispanic/Latinos adults in the United States . Ethn Health 2023;28:299-312.
74. Helajärvi H, Pahkala K, Heinonen OJ, et al. Television viewing and fatty liver in early midlife. The cardiovascular risk in young finns study. Ann Med 2015;47:519-26.
75. Meng G, Liu F, Fang L, et al. The overall computer/mobile devices usage time is related to newly diagnosed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based study. Ann Med 2016;48:568-76.
76. Semmler G, Datz C, Reiberger T, Trauner M. Diet and exercise in NAFLD/NASH: Beyond the obvious. Liver Int 2021;41:2249-68.
77. Wegermann K, Suzuki A, Mavis AM, Abdelmalek MF, Diehl AM, Moylan CA. Tackling nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: three targeted populations. Hepatology 2021;73:1199-206.
78. Baker PR 2nd, Friedman JE. Mitochondrial role in the neonatal predisposition to developing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2018;128:3692-703.
79. Hollingsworth DR, Vaucher Y, Yamamoto TR. Diabetes in pregnancy in Mexican Americans. Diabetes Care 1991;14:695-705.
80. Ogden CL, Lamb MM, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Obesity and socioeconomic status in children and adolescents: United States, 2005-2008. NCHS Data Brief 2010;51:1-8.
81. López-Cevallos DF, Gonzalez P, Bethel JW, et al. Is there a link between wealth and cardiovascular disease risk factors among Hispanic/Latinos? Results from the HCHS/SOL sociocultural ancillary study. Ethn Health 2018;23:902-13.
82. Giammarino AM, Qiu H, Bulsara K, et al. Community socioeconomic deprivation predicts nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:550-60.
83. Elangovan A, Shah R, Smith ZL. Pharmacotherapy for obesity-trends using a population level national database. Obes Surg 2021;31:1105-12.
