REFERENCES
1. Browning JD, Szczepaniak LS, Dobbins R, et al. Prevalence of hepatic steatosis in an urban population in the United States: impact of ethnicity. Hepatology 2004;40:1387-95.
2. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:524-530.e1; quiz e60.
4. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Available from: https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(23)00418-X/fulltext [Last accessed on 23 Oct 2023].
5. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1665268123002375 [Last accessed on 23 Oct 2023].
6. Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology 2023;77:1335-47.
7. Hagström H, Vessby J, Ekstedt M, Shang Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J Hepatol ;2023:S0168-8278(23)05080.
8. Rinella ME, Lazarus JV, Ratziu V, et al. NAFLD Nomenclature consensus group. A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Available from:https://journals.lww.com/hep/fulltext/9900/a_multi_society_delphi_consensus_statement_on_new.488.aspx [Last accessed on 23 Oct 2023].
9. Sherlock S. The Clinician Looks at Fatty Liver.
10. Brunt EM, Kleiner DE, Wilson LA, Belt P, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. NASH Clinical Research Network (CRN). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) activity score and the histopathologic diagnosis in NAFLD: distinct clinicopathologic meanings. Hepatology 2011;53:810-20.
11. Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, et al. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005;41:1313-21.
12. Nasr P, Forsgren MF, Ignatova S, et al. Using a 3% proton density fat fraction as a cut-off value increases sensitivity of detection of hepatic steatosis, based on results from histopathology analysis. Gastro 2017;153:53-55.e7.
13. Szczepaniak LS, Nurenberg P, Leonard D, et al. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure hepatic triglyceride content: prevalence of hepatic steatosis in the general population. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;288:E462-8.
14. Karlas T, Petroff D, Sasso M, et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) technology for assessing steatosis. J Hepatol 2017;66:1022-30.
15. Saad L. Majority in US drink alcohol, averaging four drinks a week. Available from: https://news.gallup.com/poll/156770/majority-drink-alcohol-averaging-four-drinks-week.aspx [Last accessed on 22 Oct 2023].
16. Trolldal B, Leifman H. Alkoholkonsumtionen i Sverige 2017. CAN Rapport 175. Hämtad från Centralförbundet för alkohol-och narkotikaupplysnings webbplats: Available from: https://www.can.se/app/uploads/2020/01/can-rapport-175-alkoholkonsumtionen-i-sverige-2017.pdf [Last accessed on 22 Oct 2023].
17. Eurobarometer S. EU citizens’ attitudes towards alcohol. Available from: https://data.europa.eu/data/datasets/s798_72_3_ebs331?locale=en[Last accessed on 23 Oct 2023].
18. Zhou Z, Wang L, Song Z, Lambert JC, McClain CJ, Kang YJ. A critical involvement of oxidative stress in acute alcohol-induced hepatic TNF-alpha production. Am J Pathol 2003;163:1137-46.
19. Chen J, Martin-Mateos R, Li J, et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance elastography assesses progression and regression of steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in alcohol-associated liver disease. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021;45:2103-17.
20. Belfrage P, Berg B, Cronholm T, et al. Prolonged administration of ethanol to young, healthy volunteers: effects on biochemical, morphological and neurophysiological parameters. Acta Med Scand Suppl ;1973:552:1-44.
21. Kechagias S, Zanjani S, Gjellan S, et al. Effects of moderate red wine consumption on liver fat and blood lipids: a prospective randomized study. Ann Med 2011;43:545-54.
22. Rasmussen DN, Thiele M, Johansen S, et al. GALAXY; MicrobLiver consortia. Prognostic performance of 7 biomarkers compared to liver biopsy in early alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2021;75:1017-25.
23. Thiele M, Rausch V, Fluhr G, et al. Controlled attenuation parameter and alcoholic hepatic steatosis: Diagnostic accuracy and role of alcohol detoxification. J Hepatol 2018;68:1025-32.
25. Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1980;55:434-8.
26. Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. a clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastro 1988;95:1056-62.
28. Dam-Larsen S, Franzmann M, Andersen IB, et al. Long term prognosis of fatty liver: risk of chronic liver disease and death. Gut 2004;53:750-5.
29. Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL), European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD), European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). EASL-EASD-EASO clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obes Facts 2016;9:65-90.
30. Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: [email protected], European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol 2018;69:154-81.
31. Selin KH. Test-retest reliability of the alcohol use disorder identification test in a general population sample. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003;27:1428-35.
32. Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption--II. Addiction 1993;88:791-804.
33. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. ambulatory care quality improvement project (ACQUIP). alcohol use disorders identification test. Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1789-95.
34. Seitz HK. Additive effects of moderate drinking and obesity on serum gamma-glutamyl transferase. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83:1252-3.
35. Gough G, Heathers L, Puckett D, et al. The utility of commonly used laboratory tests to screen for excessive alcohol use in clinical practice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015;39:1493-500.
36. Hock B, Schwarz M, Domke I, et al. Validity of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) and mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume (MCV) as biomarkers for chronic alcohol abuse: a study in patients with alcohol dependence and liver disorders of non-alcoholic and alcoholic origin. Addiction 2005;100:1477-86.
37. Reynaud M, Schellenberg F, Loisequx-Meunier MN, Schwan R, Maradeix B, Planche F, Gillet C. Objective diagnosis of alcohol abuse: compared values of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV). Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:1414-9.
38. Staufer K, Andresen H, Vettorazzi E, Tobias N, Nashan B, Sterneck M. Urinary ethyl glucuronide as a novel screening tool in patients pre- and post-liver transplantation improves detection of alcohol consumption. Hepatology 2011;54:1640-9.
39. Helander A, Wielders J, Anton R, et al. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine Working Group on Standardisation of Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (IFCC WG-CDT). Standardisation and use of the alcohol biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). Clin Chim Acta 2016;459:19-24.
40. Niemelä O. Biomarker-based approaches for assessing alcohol use disorders. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016;13:166.
41. Anton RF, Lieber C, Tabakoff B. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and gamma-glutamyltransferase for the detection and monitoring of alcohol use: results from a multisite study. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res 2002;26:1215-22.
42. Anton RF. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin for detection and monitoring of sustained heavy drinking. what have we learned? Alcohol 2001;25:185-8.
43. Hartmann S, Aradottir S, Graf M, et al. Phosphatidylethanol as a sensitive and specific biomarker: comparison with gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, mean corpuscular volume and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin. Addict Biol 2007;12:81-4.
44. Schröck A, Thierauf-Emberger A, Schürch S, Weinmann W. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) detected in blood for 3 to 12 days after single consumption of alcohol-a drinking study with 16 volunteers. Int J Legal Med 2017;131:153-60.
45. Kechagias S, Dernroth DN, Blomgren A, et al. Phosphatidylethanol compared with other blood tests as a biomarker of moderate alcohol consumption in healthy volunteers: a prospective randomized study. Alcohol Alcohol 2015;50:399-406.
46. Walther L, de Bejczy A, Löf E, et al. Phosphatidylethanol is superior to carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and γ-glutamyltransferase as an alcohol marker and is a reliable estimate of alcohol consumption level. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015;39:2200-8.
47. Long MT, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Benjamin EJ, Naimi TS. Alcohol use is associated with hepatic steatosis among persons with presumed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol H 2020;18:1831-1841.e5.
48. Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Masutti F, et al. Prevalence of and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in Northern Italy. Ann Intern Med 2000;132:112-7.
49. Lau K, Baumeister SE, Lieb W, et al. The combined effects of alcohol consumption and body mass index on hepatic steatosis in a general population sample of European men and women. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015;41:467-76.
50. Staufer K, Huber-Schönauer U, Strebinger G, et al. Ethyl glucuronide in hair detects a high rate of harmful alcohol consumption in presumed non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2022;77:918-30.
51. Dunn W, Sanyal AJ, Brunt EM, et al. Modest alcohol consumption is associated with decreased prevalence of steatohepatitis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). J Hepatol 2012;57:384-91.
52. Kwon HK, Greenson JK, Conjeevaram HS. Effect of lifetime alcohol consumption on the histological severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int 2014;34:129-35.
53. Cao G, Yi T, Liu Q, Wang M, Tang S. Alcohol consumption and risk of fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. PeerJ 2016;4:e2633.
54. Moriya A, Iwasaki Y, Ohguchi S, et al. Roles of alcohol consumption in fatty liver: a longitudinal study. J Hepatol 2015;62:921-7.
55. Hagström H, Nasr P, Ekstedt M, et al. Low to moderate lifetime alcohol consumption is associated with less advanced stages of fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2017;52:159-65.
56. Hajifathalian K, Torabi Sagvand B, McCullough AJ. Effect of alcohol consumption on survival in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a national prospective cohort study. Hepatology 2019;70:511-21.
57. Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Holmqvist M, et al. Alcohol consumption is associated with progression of hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009;44:366-74.
58. Ascha MS, Hanouneh IA, Lopez R, Tamimi TA, Feldstein AF, Zein NN. The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2010;51:1972-8.
59. Ajmera V, Belt P, Wilson LA, et al. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, modest alcohol use is associated with less improvement in histologic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;16:1511-1520.e5.
60. Kimura T, Tanaka N, Fujimori N, et al. Mild drinking habit is a risk factor for hepatocarcinogenesis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with advanced fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018;24:1440-50.
61. Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2011;342:d671.
62. 2016 Alcohol Collaborators. Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet 2018;392:1015-35.
63. Åberg F, Helenius-Hietala J, Puukka P, Färkkilä M, Jula A. Interaction between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in predicting severe liver disease in the general population. Hepatology 2018;67:2141-9.
64. Chang Y, Cho YK, Kim Y, et al. Nonheavy drinking and worsening of noninvasive fibrosis markers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cohort study. Hepatology 2019;69:64-75.
65. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Ong J, et al. Global NASH Council. Effects of alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome on mortality in patients with nonalcoholic and alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17:1625-1633.e1.
66. Hagström H, Ekstedt M. Considerations in the search for under-reported alcohol consumption in NAFLD. J Hepatol 2023;78:e66-7.
67. Ezhilarasan D. Hepatotoxic potentials of methotrexate: understanding the possible toxicological molecular mechanisms. Toxicology 2021;458:152840.
68. Malaviya AN, Sharma A, Agarwal D, Kapoor S, Garg S, Sawhney S. Low-dose and high-dose methotrexate are two different drugs in practical terms. Int J Rheum Dis 2010;13:288-93.
69. Roenigk HH, Fowler-Bergfeld W, Curtis GH. Methotrexate for psoriasis in weekly oral doses. Arch Dermatol 1969;99:86-93.
70. Sundbaum J, Eriksson N, Hallberg P, Lehto N, Wadelius M, Baecklund E. Methotrexate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis and elevated liver enzymes: a long-term follow-up of predictors, surveillance, and outcome in clinical practice. Int J Rheum Dis 2019;22:1226-32.
71. Schröder T, Schmidt KJ, Olsen V, et al. Liver steatosis is a risk factor for hepatotoxicity in patients with inflammatory bowel disease under immunosuppressive treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;27:698-704.
72. Mori S, Arima N, Ito M, Fujiyama S, Kamo Y, Ueki Y. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-like pattern in liver biopsy of rheumatoid arthritis patients with persistent transaminitis during low-dose methotrexate treatment. PLoS One 2018;13:e0203084.
73. Chalmers RJ, Boffa MJ, Kirby B, Smith A. Liver biopsies and methotrexate: a time for reconsideration? J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:879-80.
74. Zachariae H, Kragballe K, Søgaard H. Methotrexate induced liver cirrhosis: studies including serial liver biopsies during continued treatment. Br J Dermatol 1980;102:407-12.
75. Zachariae H, Søgaard H, Heickendorff L. Methotrexate-induced liver cirrhosis. clinical, histological and serological studies--a further 10-year follow-up. Dermatology 1996;192:343-6.
76. Zachariae H, Schiodt T. Liver biopsy in methotrexate treatment. Acta Derm Venereol 1971;51:215-20.
77. Gelfand JM, Wan J, Zhang H, et al. Risk of liver disease in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021;84:1636-43.
78. Ruan Z, Lu T, Chen Y, et al. Association between psoriasis and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among outpatient US adults. JAMA Dermatol 2022;158:745-53.
79. Maybury CM, Porter HF, Kloczko E, et al. Prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with severe psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol 2019;155:1028-32.
80. Laharie D, Seneschal J, Schaeverbeke T, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis with transient elastography and FibroTest in patients treated with methotrexate for chronic inflammatory diseases: a case-control study. J Hepatol 2010;53:1035-40.
81. Choi Y, Lee CH, Kim IH, Park EH, Park S, Yoo WH. Methotrexate use does not increase the prevalence of hepatic steatosis: a real-world retrospective nested case-control study. Clin Rheumatol 2021;40:2037-45.
82. Tomaszewski M, Dahiya M, Mohajerani SA, et al. Hepatic steatosis as measured by the computed attenuation parameter predicts fibrosis in long-term methotrexate use. Can Liver J 2021;4:370-80.
83. Erre GL, Castagna F, Sauchella A, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of moderate to severe hepatic steatosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: an ultrasonography cross-sectional case-control study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2021;13:1759720X211042739.
84. Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: [email protected], Clinical Practice Guideline Panel: Chair:, Panel members, EASL Governing Board representative:. EASL clinical practice guidelines: drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 2019;70:1222-61.
85. Lee B, Jung EA, Yoo JJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of tamoxifen-related non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Liver Int 2020;40:1344-55.
86. Lelliott CJ, López M, Curtis RK, et al. Transcript and metabolite analysis of the effects of tamoxifen in rat liver reveals inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in the presence of hepatic steatosis. FASEB J 2005;19:1108-19.
87. Gudbrandsen OA, Rost TH, Berge RK. Causes and prevention of tamoxifen-induced accumulation of triacylglycerol in rat liver. J Lipid Res 2006;47:2223-32.
88. Cole LK, Jacobs RL, Vance DE. Tamoxifen induces triacylglycerol accumulation in the mouse liver by activation of fatty acid synthesis. Hepatology 2010;52:1258-65.
89. Bruno S, Maisonneuve P, Castellana P, et al. Incidence and risk factors for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: prospective study of 5408 women enrolled in Italian tamoxifen chemoprevention trial. BMJ 2005;330:932.
90. Elefsiniotis IS, Pantazis KD, Ilias A, et al. Tamoxifen induced hepatotoxicity in breast cancer patients with pre-existing liver steatosis: the role of glucose intolerance. Eur J Gastroen Hepat 2004;16:593-8.
91. Osman KA, Osman MM, Ahmed MH. Tamoxifen-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: where are we now and where are we going? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2007;6:1-4.
92. Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Abenhaim L, Begaud B, Zhang B, Cooper C. Use of oral corticosteroids in the United Kingdom. QJM 2000;93:105-11.
93. Overman RA, Yeh JY, Deal CL. Prevalence of oral glucocorticoid usage in the United States: a general population perspective. Arthritis Care Res 2013;65:294-8.
94. Tarantino G, Finelli C. Pathogenesis of hepatic steatosis: the link between hypercortisolism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:6735-43.
95. Rahimi L, Rajpal A, Ismail-Beigi F. Glucocorticoid-induced fatty liver disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020;13:1133-45.
96. Buzzetti E, Pinzani M, Tsochatzis EA. The multiple-hit pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Metabolism 2016;65:1038-48.
97. Li JX, Cummins CL. Fresh insights into glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus and new therapeutic directions. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022;18:540-57.
98. Rockall AG, Sohaib SA, Evans D, et al. Hepatic steatosis in cushing's syndrome: a radiological assessment using computed tomography. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149:543-8.
99. Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology 2016;64:73-84.
100. Hubel JM, Schmidt SA, Mason RA, et al. EMIL-Study Group. Influence of plasma cortisol and other laboratory parameters on nonalcoholic Fatty liver disease. Horm Metab Res 2015;47:479-84.
101. Pagano G, Cavallo-Perin P, Cassader M, et al. An in vivo and in vitro study of the mechanism of prednisone-induced insulin resistance in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest 1983;72:1814-20.
102. Gulliford MC, Charlton J, Latinovic R. Risk of diabetes associated with prescribed glucocorticoids in a large population. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2728-9.
103. Negro F. Abnormalities of lipid metabolism in hepatitis C virus infection. Gut 2010;59:1279-87.
104. Mihm S, Fayyazi A, Hartmann H, Ramadori G. Analysis of histopathological manifestations of chronic hepatitis C virus infection with respect to virus genotype. Hepatology 1997;25:735-9.
105. Patton HM, Patel K, Behling C, et al. The impact of steatosis on disease progression and early and sustained treatment response in chronic hepatitis C patients. J Hepatol 2004;40:484-90.
106. Rubbia-Brandt L, Quadri R, Abid K, et al. Hepatocyte steatosis is a cytopathic effect of hepatitis C virus genotype 3. J Hepatol 2000;33:106-15.
107. Adinolfi LE, Gambardella M, Andreana A, Tripodi MF, Utili R, Ruggiero G. Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology 2001;33:1358-64.
108. Kumar D, Farrell GC, Fung C, George J. Hepatitis C virus genotype 3 is cytopathic to hepatocytes: reversal of hepatic steatosis after sustained therapeutic response. Hepatology 2002;36:1266-72.
109. Lonardo A, Loria P, Adinolfi LE, Carulli N, Ruggiero G. Hepatitis C and steatosis: a reappraisal. J Viral Hepat 2006;13:73-80.
110. Hofer H, Bankl HC, Wrba F, et al. Hepatocellular fat accumulation and low serum cholesterol in patients infected with HCV-3a. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:2880-5.
111. Serfaty L, Andreani T, Giral P, Carbonell N, Chazouillères O, Poupon R. Hepatitis C virus induced hypobetalipoproteinemia: a possible mechanism for steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2001;34:428-34.
112. Leslie J, Geh D, Elsharkawy AM, Mann DA, Vacca M. Metabolic dysfunction and cancer in HCV: shared pathways and mutual interactions. J Hepatol 2022;77:219-36.
113. Felmlee DJ, Hafirassou ML, Lefevre M, Baumert TF, Schuster C. Hepatitis C virus, cholesterol and lipoproteins--impact for the viral life cycle and pathogenesis of liver disease. Viruses 2013;5:1292-324.
114. Monto A, Alonzo J, Watson JJ, Grunfeld C, Wright TL. Steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: relative contributions of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and alcohol. Hepatology 2002;36:729-36.
115. Rubbia-Brandt L, Fabris P, Paganin S, et al. Steatosis affects chronic hepatitis C progression in a genotype specific way. Gut 2004;53:406-12.
116. Kim MN, Han K, Yoo J, Hwang SG, Ahn SH. Increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and mortality in chronic viral hepatitis with concurrent fatty liver. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022;55:97-107.
117. Shimizu K, Soroida Y, Sato M, et al. Eradication of hepatitis C virus is associated with the attenuation of steatosis as evaluated using a controlled attenuation parameter. Sci Rep 2018;8:7845.
118. Shousha HI, Abdelaziz RA, Azab SM, et al. Effect of treatment with direct acting antivirals on body mass index and hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Med Virol 2018;90:1099-105.
119. Rout G, Nayak B, Patel AH, et al. Therapy with oral directly acting agents in hepatitis C infection is associated with reduction in fibrosis and increase in hepatic steatosis on transient elastography. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2019;9:207-14.
120. Do A, Esserman DA, Krishnan S, et al. Excess weight gain after cure of hepatitis C infection with direct-acting antivirals. J Gen Intern Med 2020;35:2025-34.
121. Kalligeros M, Vassilopoulos A, Shehadeh F, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and fibrosis in people living with HIV monoinfection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023;21:1708-22.
122. Maurice JB, Patel A, Scott AJ, Patel K, Thursz M, Lemoine M. Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-monoinfection. AIDS 2017;31:1621-32.
123. Welzen BJ, Mudrikova T, El Idrissi A, Hoepelman AIM, Arends JE. A review of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV-infected patients: the next big thing? Infect Dis Ther 2019;8:33-50.
124. Gutierrez AD, Balasubramanyam A. Dysregulation of glucose metabolism in HIV patients: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Endocrine 2012;41:1-10.
125. Magkos F, Mantzoros CS. Body fat redistribution and metabolic abnormalities in HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy: novel insights into pathophysiology and emerging opportunities for treatment. Metabolism 2011;60:749-53.
126. Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA 2020;324:782-93.
127. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;5:428-30.
128. Kulkarni AV, Kumar P, Tevethia HV, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: liver manifestations and outcomes in COVID-19. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020;52:584-99.
129. Nardo AD, Schneeweiss-Gleixner M, Bakail M, Dixon ED, Lax SF, Trauner M. Pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in COVID-19. Liver Int 2021;41:20-32.
130. Wang Y, Liu S, Liu H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection of the liver directly contributes to hepatic impairment in patients with COVID-19. J Hepatol 2020;73:807-16.
131. Yang C, Cai L, Xiao SY. Pathologic characteristics of digestive tract and liver in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2023;52:201-14.
132. Roca-Fernández A, Dennis A, Nicholls R, et al. Hepatic steatosis, rather than underlying obesity, increases the risk of infection and hospitalization for COVID-19. Front Med 2021;8:636637.
133. Palomar-Lever A, Barraza G, Galicia-Alba J, et al. Hepatic steatosis as an independent risk factor for severe disease in patients with COVID-19: a computed tomography study. JGH Open 2020;4:1102-7.
134. Bradley BT, Maioli H, Johnston R, et al. Histopathology and ultrastructural findings of fatal COVID-19 infections in Washington State: a case series. Lancet 2020;396:320-32.
135. Fassan M, Mescoli C, Sbaraglia M, et al. Liver histopathology in COVID-19 patients: a mono-Institutional series of liver biopsies and autopsy specimens. Pathol Res Pract 2021;221:153451.
136. Beigmohammadi MT, Jahanbin B, Safaei M, et al. Pathological findings of postmortem biopsies from lung, heart, and liver of 7 deceased COVID-19 patients. Int J Surg Pathol 2021;29:135-45.
137. Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, da Silva LFF, et al. Pulmonary and systemic involvement in COVID-19 patients assessed with ultrasound-guided minimally invasive autopsy. Histopathology 2020;77:186-97.
138. Elsoukkary SS, Mostyka M, Dillard A, et al. Autopsy findings in 32 patients with COVID-19: a single-institution experience. Pathobiology 2021;88:56-68.
139. Falasca L, Nardacci R, Colombo D, et al. Postmortem findings in italian patients with COVID-19: a descriptive full autopsy study of cases with and without comorbidities. J Infect Dis 2020;222:1807-15.
140. Rapkiewicz AV, Mai X, Carsons SE, et al. Megakaryocytes and platelet-fibrin thrombi characterize multi-organ thrombosis at autopsy in COVID-19: a case series. EClinicalMedicine 2020;24:100434.
141. Lagana SM, Kudose S, Iuga AC, et al. Hepatic pathology in patients dying of COVID-19: a series of 40 cases including clinical, histologic, and virologic data. Modern Pathology 2020;33:2147-55.
142. Sonzogni A, Previtali G, Seghezzi M, et al. Liver histopathology in severe COVID 19 respiratory failure is suggestive of vascular alterations. Liver Int 2020;40:2110-6.
143. Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through postmortem core biopsies. Mod Pathol 2020;33:1007-14.
144. Trevenzoli M, Guarnaccia A, Alberici I, et al. SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2020;29:473-5.
145. Zhao CL, Rapkiewicz A, Maghsoodi-Deerwester M, et al. Pathological findings in the postmortem liver of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hum Pathol 2021;109:59-68.
146. Greuel S, Ihlow J, Dragomir MP, et al. COVID-19: autopsy findings in six patients between 26 and 46 years of age. Int J Infect Dis 2021;108:274-81.
147. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8:420-2.
148. Cai Q, Huang D, Yu H, et al. COVID-19: abnormal liver function tests. J Hepatol 2020;73:566-74.
149. McConnell MJ, Kawaguchi N, Kondo R, et al. Liver injury in COVID-19 and IL-6 trans-signaling-induced endotheliopathy. J Hepatol 2021;75:647-58.
150. Yurdaisik I, Demiroz AS, Oz AB, et al. Postmortem biopsies of the lung, heart, liver, and spleen of COVID-19 patients. Cureus 2021;13:e20734.
151. Ramos-Rincon JM, Alenda C, García-Sevila R, et al. Histopathological and virological features of lung, heart and liver percutaneous tissue core biopsy in patients with COVID-19: a clinicopathological case series. Malays J Pathol 2022;44:83-92.
152. Chornenkyy Y, Mejia-Bautista M, Brucal M, et al. Liver pathology and SARS-CoV-2 detection in formalin-fixed tissue of patients with COVID-19. Am J Clin Pathol 2021;155:802-14.
153. Fraga M, Moradpour D, Artru F, et al. Hepatocellular type II fibrinogen inclusions in a patient with severe COVID-19 and hepatitis. J Hepatol 2020;73:967-70.
154. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using openSAFELY. Nature 2020;584:430-6.
155. Wahlang B, Jin J, Beier JI, et al. Mechanisms of environmental contributions to fatty liver disease. Curr Environ Health Rep 2019;6:80-94.
156. Wahlang B, Beier JI, Clair HB, et al. Toxicant-associated steatohepatitis. Toxicol Pathol 2013;41:343-60.
157. Foulds CE, Treviño LS, York B, Walker CL. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:445-57.
158. Shi H, Jan J, Hardesty JE, et al. Polychlorinated biphenyl exposures differentially regulate hepatic metabolism and pancreatic function: Implications for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019;363:22-33.
159. Lonardo A, Mantovani A, Lugari S, Targher G. NAFLD in some common endocrine diseases: prevalence, pathophysiology, and principles of diagnosis and management. Int J Mol Sci 2019;20:2841.
160. Cotter TG, Rinella M. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 2020: the state of the disease. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1851-64.
161. Ferrandino G, Kaspari RR, Spadaro O, et al. Pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD is driven by intra- and extrahepatic mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017;114:E9172-80.
162. Adams LA, Feldstein A, Lindor KD, Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among patients with hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction. Hepatology 2004;39:909-14.
163. Liangpunsakul S, Chalasani N. Is hypothyroidism a risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis? J Clin Gastroenterol 2003;37:340-3.
164. Chung GE, Kim D, Kim W, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease across the spectrum of hypothyroidism. J Hepatol 2012;57:150-6.
165. Xu L, Ma H, Miao M, Li Y. Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective case-control study. J Hepatol 2012;57:1153-4.
166. Lonardo A, Ballestri S, Mantovani A, Nascimbeni F, Lugari S, Targher G. Pathogenesis of hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD: evidence for a distinct disease entity? Dig Liver Dis 2019;51:462-70.
167. Harrison SA, Bashir MR, Guy CD, et al. Resmetirom (MGL-3196) for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial. Lancet 2019;394:2012-24.
168. Cerda C, Pérez-Ayuso RM, Riquelme A, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Hepatol 2007;47:412-7.
169. Rocha ALL, Faria LC, Guimarães TCM, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest 2017;40:1279-88.
170. Jones H, Sprung VS, Pugh CJ, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome with hyperandrogenism is characterized by an increased risk of hepatic steatosis compared to nonhyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes and healthy controls, independent of obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:3709-16.
171. Kim S, Kwon H, Park JH, et al. A low level of serum total testosterone is independently associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2012;12:69.
172. Nikolaenko L, Jia Y, Wang C, et al. Testosterone replacement ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in castrated male rats. Endocrinology 2014;155:417-28.
173. Senmaru T, Fukui M, Okada H, et al. Testosterone deficiency induces markedly decreased serum triglycerides, increased small dense LDL, and hepatic steatosis mediated by dysregulation of lipid assembly and secretion in mice fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2013;62:851-60.
174. Pericleous M, Kelly C, Wang T, Livingstone C, Ala A. Wolman's disease and cholesteryl ester storage disorder: the phenotypic spectrum of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency. Lancet Gastroenterol 2017;2:670-9.
175. Polyzos SA, Perakakis N, Mantzoros CS. Fatty liver in lipodystrophy: a review with a focus on therapeutic perspectives of adiponectin and/or leptin replacement. Metabolism 2019;96:66-82.
176. Di Filippo M, Moulin P, Roy P, et al. Homozygous MTTP and APOB mutations may lead to hepatic steatosis and fibrosis despite metabolic differences in congenital hypocholesterolemia. J Hepatol 2014;61:891-902.
177. Bernstein DL, Hülkova H, Bialer MG, Desnick RJ. Cholesteryl ester storage disease: review of the findings in 135 reported patients with an underdiagnosed disease. J Hepatol 2013;58:1230-43.
