REFERENCES

1. North EJ, Newman JD. Review of cardiovascular outcomes trials of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Curr Opin Cardiol 2019;34:687-92.

2. Buse JB, Wexler DJ, Tsapas A, et al. Erratum. 2019 Update to: management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. a consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2020;43:1670.

3. Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. a consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia 2022;65:1925-66.

4. Palmer SC, Tendal B, Mustafa RA, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2021;372:m4573.

5. NICE guideline NG28, Type 2 diabetes in adults: management Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28 [Last accessed on 6 May 2023].

6. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet 1998;352:854-65.

7. Rosenstock J, Marx N, Kahn SE, et al. Cardiovascular outcome trials in type 2 diabetes and the sulphonylurea controversy: rationale for the active-comparator CAROLINA trial. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2013;10:289-301.

8. Wallace MD, Metzger NL. Optimizing the treatment of steroid-induced hyperglycemia. Ann Pharmacother 2018;52:86-90.

9. Roberts A, James J, Dhatariya K. Joint British Diabetes Societies (JBDS) for Inpatient Care. Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticoid) therapy: a guideline from the joint British diabetes societies (JBDS) for inpatient care group. Diabet Med 2018;35:1011-7.

10. Hattersley AT, Greeley SAW, Polak M, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: the diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes 2018;19 Suppl 27:47-63.

11. Angwin C, Jenkinson C, Jones A, et al. MASTERMIND consortium. TriMaster: randomised double-blind crossover study of a DPP4 inhibitor, SGLT2 inhibitor and thiazolidinedione as second-line or third-line therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who have suboptimal glycaemic control on metformin treatment with or without a sulfonylurea-a MASTERMIND study protocol. BMJ Open 2020;10:e042784.

13. Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al. PROactive Investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:1279-89.

14. Young LH, Viscoli CM, Schwartz GG, et al. IRIS Investigators. Heart failure after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in insulin-resistant patients without diabetes mellitus treated with pioglitazone. Circulation 2018;138:1210-20.

15. Lian J, Fu J. Pioglitazone for NAFLD patients with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol 2021;12:615409.

16. Stefan N, Cusi K. A global view of the interplay between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022;10:284-96.

17. Matthews DR, Paldánius PM, Proot P, Chiang Y, Stumvoll M, Del Prato S. VERIFY study group. Glycaemic durability of an early combination therapy with vildagliptin and metformin versus sequential metformin monotherapy in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (VERIFY): a 5-year, multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2019;394:1519-29.

18. Strain WD, Down S, Brown P, Puttanna A, Sinclair A. Diabetes and frailty: an expert consensus statement on the management of older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Ther 2021;12:1227-47.

20. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015;373:2117-28.

21. Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. CANVAS Program Collaborative Group. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;377:644-57.

22. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, et al. DECLARE–TIMI 58 Investigators. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019;380:347-57.

23. McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. DAPA-HF Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2019;381:1995-2008.

24. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. EMPEROR-Reduced Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1413-24.

25. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, et al. CREDENCE Trial Investigators. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2019;380:2295-306.

26. Heerspink HJL, Stefánsson BV, Correa-Rotter R, et al. DAPA-CKD Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2020;383:1436-46.

27. Bauersachs J. SCORED and SOLOIST: the next scores for SGLT2 inhibitors. Cardiovasc Res 2021;117:e49-51.

28. Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. EMPEROR-Preserved Trial Investigators. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2021;385:1451-61.

29. Butler J, Filippatos G, Jamal Siddiqi T, et al. Empagliflozin, health status, and quality of life in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-preserved trial. Circulation 2022;145:184-93.

31. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/5441/smpc#gref [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

32. Hasegawa K, Lewis BS. Are SGLT2 inhibitors effective against 'all' heart failure with preserved ejection fraction? Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2022;8:E10.

33. Solomon SD, McMurray JJV, Claggett B, et al. DELIVER Trial Committees and Investigators. Dapagliflozin in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1089-98.

34. Verma S, Leiter LA, Zinman B, et al. Time to cardiovascular benefits of empagliflozin: a post hoc observation from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. ESC Heart Fail 2021;8:2603-7.

35. Berg DD, Jhund PS, Docherty KF, et al. Time to clinical benefit of dapagliflozin and significance of prior heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. JAMA Cardiol 2021;6:499-507.

36. Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, et al. Effect of empagliflozin on the clinical stability of patients with heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction: the EMPEROR-reduced trial. Circulation 2021;143:326-36.

37. Voors AA, Angermann CE, Teerlink JR, et al. The SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: a multinational randomized trial. Nat Med 2022;28:568-74.

38. Kosiborod MN, Angermann CE, Collins SP, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on symptoms, physical limitations, and quality of life in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure: results from the EMPULSE trial. Circulation 2022;146:279-88.

39. Koufakis T, Mustafa OG, Ajjan RA, et al. The use of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the inpatient setting: is the risk worth taking? J Clin Pharm Ther 2020;45:883-91.

40. Khunti K, Aroda VR, Bhatt DL, et al. Re-examining the widespread policy of stopping sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors during acute illness: a perspective based on the updated evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022;24:2071-80.

41. Kosiborod MN, Esterline R, Furtado RHM, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with cardiometabolic risk factors hospitalised with COVID-19 (DARE-19): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021;9:586-94.

42. Fralick M, Colacci M, Thiruchelvam D, Gomes T, Redelmeier DA. Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors versus dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and the risk of heart failure: a nationwide cohort study of older adults with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021;23:950-60.

44. Yabe D, Shiki K, Suzaki K, et al. Rationale and design of the EMPA-ELDERLY trial: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 52-week clinical trial of the efficacy and safety of the sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor empagliflozin in elderly Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open 2021;11:e045844.

45. Mai L, Wen W, Qiu M, et al. Association between prediabetes and adverse outcomes in heart failure. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021;23:2476-83.

46. Kramer CK, Campbell S, Retnakaran R. Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2019;62:905-14.

47. Bailey CJ. Uric acid and the cardio-renal effects of SGLT2 inhibitors. Diabetes Obes Metab 2019;21:1291-8.

48. Ferreira JP, Inzucchi SE, Mattheus M, et al. Empagliflozin and uric acid metabolism in diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2022;24:135-41.

49. McDowell K, Welsh P, Docherty KF, et al. Dapagliflozin reduces uric acid concentration, an independent predictor of adverse outcomes in DAPA-HF. Eur J Heart Fail 2022;24:1066-76.

50. Davies MJ, Trujillo A, Vijapurkar U, Damaraju CV, Meininger G. Effect of canagliflozin on serum uric acid in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015;17:426-9.

51. Duell PB, Welty FK, Miller M, et al. American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis; Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; Council on Hypertension; Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease; Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health; and Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular risk: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022;42:e168-85.

52. Androutsakos T, Nasiri-Ansari N, Bakasis AD et al. SGLT-2 Inhibitors in NAFLD: expanding their role beyond diabetes and cardioprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2022;13:3107.

53. Takahashi H, Kessoku T, Kawanaka M, et al. Ipragliflozin improves the hepatic outcomes of patients with diabetes with NAFLD. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:120-32.

54. Akuta N, Kawamura Y, Fujiyama S, et al. Favorable impact of long-term SGLT2 inhibitor for NAFLD complicated by diabetes mellitus: a 5-year follow-up study. Hepatol Commun 2022;6:2286-97.

55. Takeshita Y, Honda M, Harada K, et al. Comparison of tofogliflozin and glimepiride effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in participants with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, 48-week, open-label, active-controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2022;45:2064-75.

58. Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, et al. FIDELIO-DKD Investigators. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2020;383:2219-29.

59. Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. FIGARO-DKD Investigators. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021;385:2252-63.

60. Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. FIDELIO-DKD and FIGARO-DKD investigators. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J 2022;43:474-84.

61. Neuen BL, Oshima M, Agarwal R, et al. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and risk of hyperkalemia in people with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized, controlled trials. Circulation 2022;145:1460-70.

62. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05254002 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

63. Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, et al. SUSTAIN-6 Investigators. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1834-44.

64. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:121-30.

65. Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, et al. REWIND Investigators. Dulaglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2019;394:131-8.

66. Rossing P, Baeres FMM, Bakris G, et al. The rationale, design and baseline data of FLOW, a kidney outcomes trial with once-weekly semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant ;2023:gfad009.

67. Frías JP, Auerbach P, Bajaj HS, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide 2·0 mg versus 1·0 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN FORTE): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3B trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021;9:563-74.

68. Frias JP, Bonora E, Nevarez Ruiz L, et al. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg versus dulaglutide 1.5 mg in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-11). Diabetes Care 2021;44:765-73.

69. Davies M, Færch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. STEP 2 Study Group. Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;397:971-84.

70. Rosenstock J, Wysham C, Frías JP, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;398:143-55.

71. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. SURPASS-2 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus semaglutide Once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2021;385:503-15.

72. Ludvik B, Giorgino F, Jódar E, et al. Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;398:583-98.

73. Battelino T, Bergenstal RM, Rodríguez A, et al. Efficacy of once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec on glycaemic control measured by continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 CGM): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022;10:407-17.

74. Gastaldelli A, Cusi K, Fernández Landó L, Bray R, Brouwers B, Rodríguez Á. Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022;10:393-406.

75. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04166773 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

76. Parker VER, Robertson D, Wang T, et al. Efficacy, safety, and mechanistic insights of cotadutide, a dual receptor glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon agonist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105:803-20.

77. Prato S, Kahn SE, Pavo I, et al. SURPASS-4 investigators. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021;398:1811-24.

78. Sattar N, McGuire DK, Pavo I, et al. Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis. Nat Med 2022;28:591-8.

79. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04255433 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

80. Gerstein HC, Hart R, Colhoun HM, et al. The effect of dulaglutide on stroke: an exploratory analysis of the REWIND trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020;8:106-14.

81. Strain WD, Frenkel O, James MA, et al. Effects of semaglutide on stroke subtypes in type 2 diabetes: post hoc analysis of the randomized SUSTAIN 6 and PIONEER 6. Stroke 2022;53:2749-57.

82. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04777396 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

83. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05394519 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

84. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03574597 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

85. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med 2022;387:205-16.

86. Kuchay MS, Krishan S, Mishra SK, et al. Effect of dulaglutide on liver fat in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD: randomised controlled trial (D-LIFT trial). Diabetologia 2020;63:2434-45.

87. Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K, et al. NN9931-4296 Investigators. A placebo-controlled trial of subcutaneous semaglutide in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med 2021;384:1113-24.

88. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04822181 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

89. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05013229 [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

90. Heikkala E, Mikkola I, Jokelainen J, Timonen M, Hagnäs M. Multimorbidity and achievement of treatment goals among patients with type 2 diabetes: a primary care, real-world study. BMC Health Serv Res 2021;21:964.

91. Chiang JI, Hanlon P, Li TC, et al. Multimorbidity, mortality, and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study with UK and Taiwanese cohorts. PLoS Med 2020;17:e1003094.

92. Xie F, Chan JC, Ma RC. Precision medicine in diabetes prevention, classification and management. J Diabetes Investig 2018;9:998-1015.

93. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/in-vitro-diagnostics/precision-medicine [Last accessed on 24 May 2023].

94. Nathan DM, Lachin JM, Balasubramanyam A, et al. GRADE Study Research Group. Glycemia reduction in type 2 diabetes - glycemic outcomes. N Engl J Med 2022;387:1063-74.

95. Tye SC, Denig P, Heerspink HJL. Precision medicine approaches for diabetic kidney disease: opportunities and challenges. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021;36:3-9.

Metabolism and Target Organ Damage
ISSN 2769-6375 (Online)
Follow Us

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/