REFERENCES
1. Li N, Lu B, Luo C, et al. Incidence, mortality, survival, risk factor and screening of colorectal cancer: a comparison among China, Europe, and northern America. Cancer Lett 2021;522:255-68.
2. Ganapathi S, Kumar D, Katsoulas N, et al. Colorectal cancer in the young: trends, characteristics and outcome. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011;26:927-34.
3. Meyer JE, Narang T, Schnoll-Sussman FH, Pochapin MB, Christos PJ, Sherr DL. Increasing incidence of rectal cancer in patients aged younger than 40 years: an analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Cancer 2010;116:4354-9.
4. Domati F, Maffei S, Kaleci S, et al. Incidence, clinical features and possible etiology of early onset (≤40 years) colorectal neoplasms. Intern Emerg Med 2014;9:623-31.
5. Giardiello FM, Allen JI, Axilbund JE, et al. US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Guidelines on genetic evaluation and management of Lynch syndrome: a consensus statement by the US Multi-Society Task Force on colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2014;147:502-26.
6. Shussman N, Wexner SD. Colorectal polyps and polyposis syndromes. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2014;2:1-15.
8. Resta N, Pierannunzio D, Lenato GM, et al. AIFEG. Cancer risk associated with STK11/LKB1 germline mutations in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients: results of an Italian multicenter study. Dig Liver Dis 2013;45:606-11.
9. Hansen-Kiss E, Beinkampen S, Adler B, et al. A retrospective chart review of the features of PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome in children. J Med Genet 2017;54:471-8.
10. Kamps R, Brandão RD, Bosch BJ, et al. Next-generation sequencing in oncology: genetic diagnosis, risk prediction and cancer classification. Int J Mol Sci 2017;18:308.
11. Pearlman R, Frankel WL, Swanson B, et al. Ohio Colorectal Cancer Prevention Initiative Study Group. Prevalence and spectrum of germline cancer susceptibility gene mutations among patients with early-onset colorectal cancer. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:464-71.
12. Laken SJ, Petersen GM, Gruber SB, et al. Familial colorectal cancer in Ashkenazim due to a hypermutable tract in APC. Nat Genet 1997;17:79-83.
13. Houlston RS, Tomlinson IP. Polymorphisms and colorectal tumor risk. Gastroenterology 2001;121:282-301.
14. Sukhokanjanachusak K, Pongpaibul A, Nimmannit A, Akewanlop C, Korphaisarn K. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of adolescent and young adult-onset microsatellite stable colorectal cancer patients. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol 2021;10:573-80.
15. Quail MA, Smith M, Coupland P, et al. A tale of three next generation sequencing platforms: comparison of Ion torrent, pacific biosciences and Illumina MiSeq sequencers. BMC Genomics 2012;13:341.
16. Evans D, Aberle J, Beil FU. Resequencing the apolipoprotein A5 (APOA5) gene in patients with various forms of hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 2011;219:715-20.
17. McKeown-Eyssen G. Epidemiology of colorectal cancer revisited: are serum triglycerides and/or plasma glucose associated with risk? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 1994;3:687-95.
18. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Ikeda S, et al. Serum triglycerides and colorectal adenoma in a case-control study among cancer screening examinees (Japan). Cancer Causes Control 2006;17:1245-52.
19. Tabuchi M, Kitayama J, Nagawa H. Hypertriglyceridemia is positively correlated with the development of colorectal tubular adenoma in Japanese men. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1261-4.
20. Xie C, Wen P, Su J, et al. Elevated serum triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol promotes the formation of colorectal polyps. BMC Gastroenterol 2019;19:195.
21. Hayashi N, Matsushima M, Yamamoto T, Sasaki H, Takahashi H, Egawa S. The impact of hypertriglyceridemia on prostate cancer development in patients aged ≥60 years. BJU Int 2012;109:515-9.
22. Allott EH, Howard LE, Aronson WJ, et al. Racial differences in the association between preoperative serum cholesterol and prostate cancer recurrence: results from the SEARCH database. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016;25:547-54.
23. Lindemann K, Vatten LJ, Ellstrøm-Engh M, Eskild A. Serum lipids and endometrial cancer risk: results from the HUNT-II study. Int J Cancer 2009;124:2938-41.
24. Wu J, Lei X, Pan X, Zeng X, Li W. Association between serum lipids and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Med Res 2021;49:3000605211061033.
25. Chandler PD, Song Y, Lin J, et al. Lipid biomarkers and long-term risk of cancer in the Women's Health Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2016;103:1397-407.
26. Otani T, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Tsugane S. Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Group. Plasma C-reactive protein and risk of colorectal cancer in a nested case-control study: Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:690-5.
27. Hubacek JA. Apolipoprotein A5 and triglyceridemia. Focus on the effects of the common variants. Clin Chem Lab Med 2005;43:897-902.
28. Wang J, Ban MR, Kennedy BA, et al. APOA5 genetic variants are markers for classic hyperlipoproteinemia phenotypes and hypertriglyceridemia. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2008;5:730-7.
29. Zheng XY, Zhao SP, Yan H. The role of apolipoprotein A5 in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013;88:490-98.
30. Norat T, Bingham S, Ferrari P, et al. Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97:906-16.
31. Sinha R, Peters U, Cross AJ, et al. Meat, meat cooking methods and preservation, and risk for colorectal adenoma. Cancer Res 2005;65:8034-41.
32. Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Manno M, Gallinger S, Okey AB, Harper PA. Red meat intake, doneness, polymorphisms in genes that encode carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, and colorectal cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17:3098-107.
33. Ferrucci LM, Sinha R, Graubard BI, et al. Dietary meat intake in relation to colorectal adenoma in asymptomatic women. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:1231-40.
34. Pan A, Sun Q, Bernstein AM, et al. Red meat consumption and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies. Arch Intern Med 2012;172:555-63.
36. Mosley D, Su T, Murff HJ, et al. Meat intake, meat cooking methods, and meat-derived mutagen exposure and risk of sessile serrated lesions. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;111:1244-51.
37. Bingham SA, Pignatelli B, Pollock JR, et al. Does increased endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the human colon explain the association between red meat and colon cancer? Carcinogenesis 1996;17:515-23.
38. Castellarin M, Warren RL, Freeman JD, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:299-306.
39. Kossenas K, Constantinou C. Epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical trials: an update on research on the association between red meat consumption and colorectal cancer. Curr Nutr Rep 2021; doi: 10.1007/s13668-021-00377-x.
40. Bastide NM, Chenni F, Audebert M, et al. A central role for heme iron in colon carcinogenesis associated with red meat intake. Cancer Res 2015;75:870-9.
41. Zeng C, Matsuda K, Jia WH, et al. Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO), Colorectal Transdisciplinary (CORECT) Study, Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR). Identification of susceptibility loci and genes for colorectal cancer risk. Gastroenterology 2016;150:1633-45.