fig3

Figure 3. Effects of GABA-producing Lactococcus lactis on neurobehavioral abnormalities in IBS model mice. (A and B) OFT assessing anxiety-like behaviors: (A) Total distance, (B) Percentage of time spent in the center area and heatmaps of movement trajectories; (C and D) NOR test evaluating cognitive function: (C) Recognition index, (D) Discrimination index; (E) Immobility time in the FST used to assess depressive-like behavior. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison test vs. the MS group. ns stands for P > 0.05, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001. GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid; IBS: irritable bowel syndrome; OFT: open field test; NOR: novel object recognition; FST: forced swim test; MS: model + stress.