fig3

Figure 3. Proposed growth mechanism of the CIP@C@LM heterostructure. (A) The Ga evolution pathway via ultrasonic cavitation-driven interfacial oxidation and hydrolysis; (B) The Fe evolution pathway modulated by the intermediate C shell and the subsequent synergistic heterogeneous nucleation; (C) SEM images displaying the time-dependent microscopic morphological evolution of the composite at ultrasonication durations of 30 and 120 min; (D) Schematic diagram illustrating the four-stage morphological evolution of the composite shell. CIP: Carbonyl iron powder; LM: liquid metal; SEM: scanning electron microscopy.