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Figure 2. Characterization of phase composition and chemical states. (A) XRD patterns, (B) FTIR spectra, and (C) Raman spectra of CIP, CIP@C, and CIP@C@LM; (D-H) XPS analysis of the CIP@C@LM composite: (D) survey spectrum; (E-H) high-resolution spectra for Fe 2p, C 1s, Ga 2p, and O 1s, respectively; (I) Room-temperature EPR spectra of the samples showing the defect intensity variations. CIP: Carbonyl iron powder; XRD: X-ray diffraction; FTIR: fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; LM: liquid metal; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance.