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Figure 7. Strategies for achieving exosome-targeted delivery in melanoma therapy. (A-F) Engineering of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes with cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (cRGD) peptide to encapsulate triptolide, thereby constructing a biomimetic targeted drug delivery system (cRGD-Exo/TP), with evaluation of survival, biodistribution, drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, drug release, and in vivo antitumor efficacy. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001. Reprinted with permission^[171]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. (G-J) Construction of pYEEIE peptide-functionalized Rhodiola rosea-derived exosome-like nanovesicles loaded with doxorubicin (pYEEIE-RELNs-DOX), including preparation workflow, ultrastructural characterization, in vivo imaging/tumor-targeting assessment, and antitumor efficacy evaluation in melanoma models. **P < 0.01, Reprinted with permission^[192]. Copyright 2025, Frontiers. (K-O) Construction of an active-targeting exosome platform using a membrane-anchoring BODIPY group, polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer, and cRGD targeting ligand, followed by assessment of integrin αvβ3 binding, exosome-marker expression, time-dependent tumor accumulation, and tumor suppression in vivo. ***P < 0.01, ***P < 0.0001, Reprinted with permission^[172]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. DL: Drug loading; DOX: doxorubicin; EE: encapsulation efficiency; RELN: Rhodiola rosea-derived exosome-like nanovesicle; TP: triptolide.