fig5

Figure 5. Engineering strategies for enhancing exosome drug loading, targeting, and therapeutic function. (A) Representative drug-loading strategies for engineered exosomes. (B) Surface functionalization approaches for improving targeting specificity. (C) One mechanism by which engineered exosomes induce tumor cell death, in which triptolide-loaded exosomes activate the intracellular caspase-3 pathway and trigger apoptosis. (D) Exosome-mediated remodeling of the tumor microenvironment through modulation of immune cells and immune-related molecules, including macrophages and T cells. (E) Co-delivery of therapeutic agents and imaging tracers by engineered exosomes for tumor-targeted theranostics. TP: Triptolide.