fig9

Figure 9. Grain-scale microstructural engineering strategies for optimizing dielectric ESP. (A) Promotion of microcrystal precipitation to form glass-ceramic structures; (B) Grain refinement and densification to enhance dielectric uniformity; (C) Formation of composite ceramics comprising grains with distinct compositions or crystal structures; (D) Construction of core-shell architectures via controlled elemental diffusion or compositional segregation; (E) Grain boundary modification through low-melting-point dopants or chemical coating of pre-synthesized powders; (F) Development of oriented grains using textured ceramic processing. ESP: Energy storage performance.