fig23

Figure 23. Periodic modulation of AFE materials at the domain scale. (A) Schematic of defect-driven phase transitions in the (Pb,La)(Zr,Sn,Ti)O₃ AFE system. Colors indicate modulation periods of 4, 5, and 6 in the AFE phase (blue, yellow, purple) and FE phase (pink). This figure is quoted with permission from Hu et al.^[281]; (B) Model of phase transition engineering with electric-field-induced polarization switching in Pb_0.97La_0.02(Zr_0.35Sn_0.55Ti_0.10)O₃ AFE ceramics, where N denotes the modulation period; (C) Structure-property correlation diagram illustrating the evolution of multilevel structures under varying electric field stimuli. This figure is quoted with permission from Hu et al.^[283]. AFE: Antiferroelectric; FE: ferroelectric.