fig13

Figure 13. Grain refinement and densification significantly enhance ESP in dielectric ceramics. (A) Ultrahigh dielectric BDS and superior ESP achieved in BT-based RFE ceramics through combined composition modification, viscous polymer processing, and liquid-phase sintering. This figure is quoted with permission from Liu et al.^[109]; (B) Schematic illustrating strategies to realize outstanding ESP in Bi_0.5Na_0.5TiO₃-based RFE ceramics. This figure is quoted with permission from Zhu et al.^[110]; (C) Grain refinement and pore reduction via two-step firing in 0.6BNT-0.21BT-0.19BiScO₃ ceramics, resulting in doubled BDS and enhanced ESP. This figure is quoted with permission from Xu et al.^[112]. ESP: Energy storage performance; RFE: relaxor ferroelectric; BDS: dielectric breakdown strength; BNT: (Bi_0.5Na_0.5)TiO₃; BT: BaTiO₃