fig1

Figure 1. Illustration of three common dielectric capacitor configurations: (A) Parallel-plate capacitor, the conceptual model for ES via dielectric polarization; (B) Rolled-film capacitor, widely used in power electronics, offering flexibility and scalability through thin-film windings; (C) MLCC, composed of alternating layers of ceramic dielectric and internal electrodes, enabling high volumetric efficiency, large capacitance values, and excellent frequency response. ES: Energy storage; MLCC: multilayer ceramic capacitor.