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Figure 7. Preparation, characterization, and therapeutic efficacy of PLLF/CRISPR-Cas9 nanocomplexes in bladder tumor models. (A) Schematic illustration of the PLLF/CRISPR-Cas9 synthesis process. (B) Hydrodynamic size distribution of PLLF and PLLF/CRISPR-Cas9 NPs. (C) Stability analysis of PLLF/CRISPR-Cas9 NPs stored at room temperature, assessed by particle size and PDI over time. (D) Schematic of intravesical instillation therapy using PLLF/Cas9-sgDAD1 NPs in orthotopic bladder tumors. (E) In vivo bioluminescence images of treated mice on days 3 and 17 post-treatment. (F) H&E-stained sections of representative bladders excised from mice in each treatment group (scale bar: 1 mm). (G and H) Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence staining of each treatment group. Copyright 2024^[150]. PLLF: Fluorinated polylysine micelles; PLL: polylysine; DAD1: defender against cell death 1.