fig16

Figure 16. (A) Curve-fitting analysis of the EXAFS spectra of CR-Co/ClNC, (B) XANES spectra of the Co K-edge of CR-Co/ClNC recorded at different applied potentials during the ORR process; (C) fitted average formal d-band electron counts of Co in CR-Co/ClNC under ex situ, 1.00 V, and 0.90 V conditions, determined from the absorption edges of the Co K-edge XANES spectra. In situ synchrotron radiation infrared spectra of (D) CR-Co/ClNC and (E) Co/NC under various potentials (A-E reproduced with permission from Springer Nature, copyright 2024)^[166]. In situ Raman spectra of (F) Co/NC, (G) Co-Se/NC, and (H) Co-Se/Co/NC in 0.1 M KOH (F-H reproduced with permission from Wiley-VCH, copyright 2024)^[167]. EXAFS: Extended X-ray absorption fine structure; ORR: oxygen reduction reaction; XANES: X-ray absorption near-edge structure.