fig1

Figure 1. Schematic representations of the three main algorithms. (A) Extraction of individual atomic clusters via an adaptivethreshold method, followed by application of the centroid method to each cluster to obtain preliminary atomic positions; (B) Generation of an average template and its use to locate matching positions within the raw image; (C) For each peak, extraction of Imax​, full width at halfmaximum (FWHM), background noise, and centroid coordinates to estimate all Gaussianfitting parameters, thereby yielding highprecision atomic coordinates. HWHM: Half width at half maximum.