fig5
From: Recent development of lithium niobate-based luminescent materials for photonics and optoelectronics
Figure 5. (A) Energy-transfer mechanism of Nd3+ ions[44]; (B) Crystal structure of LiNbO3:Nd3+[44]; (C) Enhanced luminescence spectra under different electric fields[44]. Reproduced from Ref.[44] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry; Biological tissue penetration experiments: (D) The thickest tissue used in this test[11]; (E) ML spectra under 1,000 N after passing through different tissue samples:2 mm skin; 2 mm skin +8 mm fat; and 2 mm skin +8 mm fat +12 mm meat[11]. Reproduced from Ref.[11] with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry. ML: Mechanoluminescence; GSA: ground state absorption; CR: cross relaxation; NR: non-radiative transition; Nd: neodymium.
