fig11

Figure 11. (A) Schematic of piezoresponse force microscopy measurement. (B) Hypothetical response of an archetypal piezoelectric assuming an absence of flexoelectricity. (C) Effective piezoelectric coefficient as a function of applied force for SrTiO₃. (A-C) Reproduced with permission^[26]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature; (D) Curvature of a sample bending in response to increasing beam flux. Reproduced with permission^[83]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society; (E) Schematic of flexoelectric actuation and piezoelectric bimorph actuation in nanoscale actuators. Reproduced with permission^[27]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. PFM: Piezoresponse force microscopy.