REFERENCES
1. Brynk, T.; Perosanz Lopez, F. J.; Mclennan, A. Increase of nuclear installations safety by better understanding of materials performance and new testing techniques development (MEACTOS, INCEFA-SCALE, and FRACTESUS H2020 projects). EPJ. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2022, 8, 42.
2. Kim, Y.; Choi, K.; Cho, S.; et al. Second ATLAS domestic standard problem (DSP-02) for a code assessment. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 2013, 45, 871-94.
3. Kang, K.; Park, Y.; Bae, B.; Kim, J.; Choi, N.; Choi, K. Code assessment of ATLAS integral effect test simulating main steam-line break accident of an advanced pressurized water reactor. J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2017, 55, 104-12.
4. Park, Y.; Kim, J.; Bae, B. U.; et al. Open calculation result of DSP-05 activity utilizing ATLAS test facility with multiple steam generator tube rupture under PAFS operation scenario. In: Transactions of the Korean Nuclear Society Virtual Spring Meeting, July 9-10, 2020. Available from: https://www.kns.org/files/pre_paper/43/20S-234-%EB%B0%95%EC%9C%A0%EC%84%A0.pdf [Last accessed on 22 Apr 2026].
5. Malet, J.; Porcheron, E.; Vendel, J. OECD international standard problem ISP-47 on containment thermal-hydraulics-conclusions of the TOSQAN part. Nucl. Eng. Des. 2010, 240, 3209-20.
6. Ganesan, A.; Springer, R.; Howell, A.; Burns, B.; Hall, D. M. High-resolution X-ray computerized tomography to characterize localized corrosion rates of carbon steel in contaminated steam cycles. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2025, 9, 8.
7. van Gaalen, K.; Gremse, F.; Benn, F.; McHugh, P. E.; Kopp, A.; Vaughan, T. J. Automated ex-situ detection of pitting corrosion and its effect on the mechanical integrity of rare earth magnesium alloy - WE43. Bioact. Mater. 2022, 8, 545-58.
8. Eguchi, K.; Burnett, T. L.; Engelberg, D. L. X-Ray tomographic characterisation of pitting corrosion in lean duplex stainless steel. Corros. Sci. 2020, 165, 108406.
9. Phang, J. T. S.; Lim, K. H.; Chiong, R. C. W. A review of three dimensional reconstruction techniques. Multimed. Tools. Appl. 2021, 80, 17879-91.
10. Karimi, P.; Sadeghi, E.; Ålgårdh, J.; et al. Tailored grain morphology via a unique melting strategy in electron beam-powder bed fusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2021, 824, 141820.
11. Schaffer, M.; Wagner, J.; Schaffer, B.; Schmied, M.; Mulders, H. Automated three-dimensional X-ray analysis using a dual-beam FIB. Ultramicroscopy 2007, 107, 587-97.
12. Singh, S. S.; Loza, J. J.; Merkle, A. P.; Chawla, N. Three dimensional microstructural characterization of nanoscale precipitates in AA7075-T651 by focused ion beam (FIB) tomography. Mater. Charact. 2016, 118, 101-11.
13. Du Plessis, A.; Yadroitsava, I.; Le Roux, S. G.; et al. Prediction of mechanical performance of Ti6Al4V cast alloy based on microCT-based load simulation. J. Alloys. Compd. 2017, 724, 267-74.
14. Li, J.; Lin, B.; Zheng, H.; et al. Study on pitting corrosion behavior and semi in-situ pitting corrosion growth model of 304 L SS with elastic stress in NaCl corrosion environment. Corros. Sci. 2023, 211, 110862.
15. Yamashita, N.; Matsuno, T.; Maeda, D.; Kikuzuki, M.; Yokota, H. Efficient 3D observation of steel microstructure using serial sectioning with precision cutting and on-site etching. Precis. Eng. 2022, 75, 37-45.
16. Ahmed, S.; Girerd, T.; Clare, A. T.; Speidel, A. Electrolyte jet tomography: three-dimensional microstructure mapping with an electrochemical machine tool and an optical microscope. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 2024, 332, 118571.
17. Moschetti, M.; Lemiasheuski, A.; Bajer, E.; et al. Robot‐assisted automated serial‐sectioning and imaging for 3D microstructural investigations. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2025, 28, e202502202.
18. Stubbers, A.; Solano-Castrejon, E.; Swartley, B.; et al. Machine learning assisted serial sectioning to enable rapid 3D crack network reconstruction. Materialia 2026, 45, 102661.
19. Noell, P. J.; Karasz, E.; Schindelholz, E. J.; et al. The evolution of pit morphology and growth kinetics in aluminum during atmospheric corrosion. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2023, 7, 12.
20. DelVecchio, E.; Liu, T.; Chang, Y. T.; et al. Metastable cellular structures govern localized corrosion damage development in additive manufactured stainless steel. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2024, 8, 45.
21. Blaizot, J.; Chaise, T.; Nélias, D.; Perez, M.; Cazottes, S.; Chaudet, P. Constitutive model for nickel alloy 690 (Inconel 690) at various strain rates and temperatures. Int. J. Plasticity. 2016, 80, 139-53.
22. Kuang, W.; Ma, X.; Meng, F.; Han, E. Recent research progress in stress corrosion crack initiation of Alloy 690 in pressurized water reactor primary water. Rev. Mater. Res. 2025, 1, 100109.
23. Sipilä, K.; Ikäläinen, T.; Lavonen, T.; et al. Corrosion of alloy 690 in simulated steam generator chemistry with boiling-effect of chloride and sulfate impurities. Electrochim. Acta. 2023, 447, 142129.
24. Li, X.; Wang, J.; Han, E.; Ke, W. Corrosion behavior for Alloy 690 and Alloy 800 tubes in simulated primary water. Corros. Sci. 2013, 67, 169-78.
25. Ning, F.; Tan, J.; Zhang, Z.; et al. Crevice corrosion behaviors of Alloy 690 and 405 stainless steel in chloride solutions with different concentrations of thiosulfate. J. Nucl. Mater. 2023, 575, 154226.
26. Akpanyung, K.; Loto, R. Pitting corrosion evaluation: a review. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2019, 1378, 022088.
27. Ghahari, M.; Krouse, D.; Laycock, N.; et al. Synchrotron X-ray radiography studies of pitting corrosion of stainless steel: Extraction of pit propagation parameters. Corros. Sci. 2015, 100, 23-35.
28. Li, J.; Hughes, A. E.; Yang, Y. S.; et al. Quantitative 3D characterization for kinetics of corrosion initiation and propagation in additively manufactured austenitic stainless steel (Adv. Sci. 36/2022). Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2270231.
29. Wang, M.; Zhong, Y.; Liang, D.; et al. Investigation on pitting corrosion mechanism of the Fe-based amorphous alloy coating by three-dimensional X-ray imaging at micro-scale. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2023, 26, 6405-18.
30. Zhang, B.; Wang, J.; Wu, B.; et al. Unmasking chloride attack on the passive film of metals. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 2559.
31. Soltis, J. Passivity breakdown, pit initiation and propagation of pits in metallic materials - review. Corros. Sci. 2015, 90, 5-22.
32. Zhang, B.; Ma, X. A review - pitting corrosion initiation investigated by TEM. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2019, 35, 1455-65.
33. Amatsuka, S.; Nishimoto, M.; Muto, I. Pitting-corrosion inhibition in stainless steel by NaNO3: mechanistic insights on sulfide dissolution, depassivation, and active dissolution. NPJ. Mater. Degrad. 2026, 10, 40.
34. Maier, B.; Frankel, G. S. Pitting corrosion of bare stainless steel 304 under chloride solution droplets. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2010, 157, C302.
35. Becerra Araneda, A. A.; Kappes, M. A.; Rodríguez, M. A.; Carranza, R. M.; Rebak, R. B. Effect of thiosulfate on the pitting corrosion of nickel base alloys in chloride solutions. In Proceedings of the Conference on Effect of Thiosulfate on the Pitting Corrosion of Nickel Base Alloys in Chloride Solutions, New Orleans, LA, USA, 26 March 2017.
36. Jafarzadeh, S.; Chen, Z.; Zhao, J.; Bobaru, F. Pitting, lacy covers, and pit merger in stainless steel: 3D peridynamic models. Corros. Sci. 2019, 150, 17-31.
37. Jafarzadeh, S.; Chen, Z.; Bobaru, F. Computational modeling of pitting corrosion. Corros. Rev. 2019, 37, 419-40.
38. Xi, N.; Sun, Y.; Xiao, L.; Mei, G. Designing parallel adaptive laplacian smoothing for improving tetrahedral mesh quality on the GPU. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 5543.
39. Ji, C.; Li, J.; Praster, M.; Rath, B.; Hildebrand, F.; Eschweiler, J. Smoothing the undersampled carpal bone model with small volume and large curvature: a feasibility study. Life 2022, 12, 770.
40. Hou, Y.; Ni, Z.; Li, G. The influence of alloying elements segregation on heterogeneous nucleation of TiN on Al2O3 and its local corrosion resistance. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2024, 32, 338-46.
41. Chen, Y.; Liu, Y.; Ying, T.; et al. Stainless magnesium alloy based on self-healing amorphous surface. Mater. Today. 2026, 92, 35-43.
42. Ju, J.; Zan, R.; Shen, Z.; et al. Remarkable bioactivity, bio-tribological, antibacterial, and anti-corrosion properties in a Ti-6Al-4V-xCu alloy by laser powder bed fusion for superior biomedical implant applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 471, 144656.
43. Tan, J.; Wu, X.; Han, E.; et al. Role of TiN inclusion on corrosion fatigue behavior of Alloy 690 steam generator tubes in borated and lithiated high temperature water. Corros. Sci. 2014, 88, 349-59.
44. Liu, C.; Revilla, R. I.; Li, X.; et al. New insights into the mechanism of localised corrosion induced by TiN-containing inclusions in high strength low alloy steel. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2022, 124, 141-9.
45. Wang, T.; Hua, B.; Liu, X.; et al. Mechanism analysis of pitting induced by Al2O3 inclusions: insight from simulation calculation. J. Iron. Steel. Res. Int. 2024, 32, 1061-72.
46. Zhao, Q.; Lyu, S.; Zhang, G.; Chen, M. Effect of MgO contents on the microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion behavior of low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. Metals 2024, 14, 274.
47. Trentin, A.; Mardoukhi, A.; Lambai, A.; Pohjanne, P.; Huttunen-saarivirta, E. Pitting corrosion of austenitic and duplex stainless steels in dilute acids at elevated temperature: Effect of electrolyte chemistry and material microstructure. Corros. Sci. 2025, 247, 112769.
48. Ernst, P.; Laycock, N.; Moayed, M.; Newman, R. The mechanism of lacy cover formation in pitting. Corros. Sci. 1997, 39, 1133-6.
49. Vanegas, M.; Wang, K.; Iannuzzi, M. Understanding the effect of applied current and potential on pitting in 316L stainless steels. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2023, 170, 121501.
50. Zhou, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhao, T.; Zheng, C.; Kong, Q.; Zhang, C. Effects of chloride and bromide on passive film degradation and pitting corrosion evolution of lean duplex stainless steel 2001 in coastal infrastructure. Electrochim. Acta. 2025, 540, 147251.
51. Greiner, C.; Liu, Z.; Strassberger, L.; Gumbsch, P. Sequence of stages in the microstructure evolution in copper under mild reciprocating tribological loading. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2016, 8, 15809-19.
52. Ruebeling, F.; Xu, Y.; Richter, G.; Dini, D.; Gumbsch, P.; Greiner, C. Normal load and counter body size influence the initiation of microstructural discontinuities in copper during sliding. ACS. Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2021, 13, 4750-60.
