fig5

Figure 5. SQ-derived thermodynamic ceilings for solar-to-hydrogen conversion. (A) SQ limit and the bandgap-efficiency relation of various semiconductors^[92]. Copyright 2023, published by the Royal Society of Chemistry; (B) The calculated single-junction PEC efficiencies are represented by the following colors: blue for ideal conditions, green for the best-in-class assumptions, and red for earth-abundant assumptions^[94]; (C) The ideal dual-junction PEC efficiency map^[94]; (D) The efficiency surface for the earth-abundant triple-junction case^[94]. Copyright 2016, reproduced with permission. Published by Springer Nature. CZTSSe: Copper-zinc-tin sulphide/selenide quantum dot; QD: quantum dot; PEC: photoelectrochemical; η_PEC: photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency; E_g: bandgap energy; SQ: Shockley-Queisser.