fig2

Figure 2. The calculated EM forces acting on GB atoms along the two in-plane directions are shown in the left panel. The applied electric field is 6.8 V/cm. The force amplitude is marked by the length of the arrows with a scale bar shown in the figure. The hollow dots are atoms in plane 1, the solid dots are atoms in plane 2. The plane 1 and 2 are illustrated in the FCC structure shown in the right panel as the light grey and dark grey planes respectively. The orange colored solid dots and blue colored hollow dots on the left panel are marked as GB atoms. The figure was prepared using Matlab. EM: Electromigration; GB: grain boundary; FCC: face centered cubic.