fig4
Figure 4. (A) Frequency of occurrence, estimated elemental price (USD/kg), and density contribution of each element in the dataset; (B) Ranking of feature importance for compositional and domain-knowledge characteristics of alloys. Check marks denote elements retained in the virtual composition space for multi-objective optimization; crosses denote elements excluded due to prohibitive cost (Hf), melting point mismatch with tungsten (Al), or increased computational dimensionality without sufficient justification; red five-pointed stars mark Mo and W, which were mandatorily retained to favor high-density candidate designs. YS: Yield strength; FS: fracture strain.





