fig2

Figure 2. Comparative overview of materials research workflows: traditional methods vs. agentic approaches across five representative tasks: (1) IE and hypothesis generation, (2) property prediction and design, (3) simulation and multiscale modeling, (4) automated experimental synthesis, and (5) characterization and data analysis. In each panel, the left side shows a conventional human-driven workflow, while the right side illustrates an agentic alternative in which AI agents coordinate planning, knowledge integration, tool invocation, and iterative analysis. IE: Information extraction; AI: artificial intelligence; NLP: natural language processing; KG: knowledge graph; DFT: density functional theory; FEM: finite element method; HPC: high performance computing; APIs: application programming interfaces.