fig1

Figure 1. Optimization flowchart (Photograph taken by the authors). XGBoost: Extreme gradient boosting; SVR: support vector regression; RMSE: root mean square error; LIME: local interpretable model-agnostic explanations; MOPSO: multi-objective particle swarm optimization; E_C: carbon emissions; T_S: tensile strength; I_W: weld depth-to-width ratio.