fig5

Figure 5. Comparison of microstructural evolution predicted by LSTM models trained with different time frames. The microstructural evolution of composition field c in reduced 4 × 4 space and autoencoder-reconstructed 2D space predicted by LSTM models using (B) 70 time frames, (C) 50 time frames, and (D) 30 time frames. The original phase-field-simulated microstructure images at each timestep are shown in panel (A) for comparing the performance of each LSTM model. In panels (B-D), the third rows are pointwise error plots to visualize the differences between the LSTM-predicted microstructure images and original images as a result of the autoencoder (training and predicted frames) and LSTM (predicted frames only). LSTM: Long short-term memory; 2D: two-dimensional.