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From: Multimodal artificial intelligence for vascular aging: toward proactive detection and management
Figure 1. Schematic flow chart of the pathophysiological processes in vascular aging. The schematic illustrates the transition from risk factors (e.g., chronic inflammation, lifestyle behaviors, and metabolic dysregulation) to the molecular and cellular mechanisms. These processes ultimately culminate in clinical manifestations and alterations in diagnostic biomarkers. Created in BioRender. Wang Z (2026) https://BioRender.com/77p8ijz. VSMC: Vascular smooth muscle cell; ECM: extracellular matrix; PVAT: perivascular adipose tissue.
