REFERENCES
1. Caforio ALP, Pankuweit S, Arbustini E, et al. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2636-48.
2. Nagai T, Inomata T, Kohno T, et al. ; on behalf of the Japanese Circulation Society Joint Working Group. JCS 2023 guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of myocarditis. Circ J. 2023;87:674-754.
3. Barhoum P, Pineton De Chambrun M, Dorgham K, et al. Phenotypic heterogeneity of fulminant COVID-19--related myocarditis in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80:299-312.
4. Li G, Zhang J, Xu Z, et al. Long-term left ventricular ejection function in fulminant and non-fulminant myocarditis: a multicenter study in China. IJC Heart & Vasculature. 2025;59:101738.
5. Kanaoka K, Onoue K, Terasaki S, et al. Features and outcomes of histologically proven myocarditis with fulminant presentation. Circulation. 2022;146:1425-33.
6. Kociol RD, Cooper LT, Fang JC, et al. ; On behalf of the American Heart Association Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020;141.
7. He W, Zhou L, Xu K, et al. Immunopathogenesis and immunomodulatory therapy for myocarditis. Sci. China Life Sci. 2023;66:2112-37.
8. Chimenti C, Russo MA, Frustaci A. Immunosuppressive therapy in virus-negative inflammatory cardiomyopathy: 20-year follow-up of the TIMIC trial. Eur Heart J. 2022;43:3463-73.
9. Li S, Xu S, Li C, et al. A life support-based comprehensive treatment regimen dramatically lowers the in-hospital mortality of patients with fulminant myocarditis: a multiple center study. Sci. China Life Sci. 2019;62:369-80.
10. Mccarthy RE, Boehmer JP, Hruban RH, et al. Long-term outcome of fulminant myocarditis as compared with acute (nonfulminant) myocarditis. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:690-5.
11. Ammirati E, Cipriani M, Lilliu M, et al. Survival and left ventricular function changes in fulminant versus nonfulminant acute myocarditis. Circulation. 2017;136:529-45.
12. Ammirati E, Veronese G, Brambatti M, et al. Fulminant versus acute nonfulminant myocarditis in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74:299-311.
13. Jiang J, Shu H, Wang DW, et al. ; Chinese Society of Cardiology, Chinese Medical Association, Writing Group. Chinese Society of Cardiology guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of adult fulminant myocarditis. Sci. China Life Sci. 2024;67:913-39.
14. Schmidt M, Ponnaiah M, Huang F, et al. ; on behalf of the FULLMOON Study Group. Temporary mechanical support in fulminant myocarditis: prognostic factors and clinical implications from the FULLMOON study. Intensive Care Med. 2026;52:240-51.
15. D’ettore N, Eghbalzadeh K, Oezkur M, Bertoldi LF, Bossard M, Pappalardo F. Diagnosis and management of patients with fulminant myocarditis. Eur Heart J Suppl. 2025;27 Suppl:iv23-30.
17. Friedrich MG, Sechtem U, Schulz-menger J, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in myocarditis: a JACC white paper. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1475-87.
18. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013;128:1810-52.
19. Wharton G, Steeds R, Allen J, et al. A minimum dataset for a standard adult transthoracic echocardiogram: a guideline protocol from the British Society of Echocardiography. Echo Res Pract. 2015;2:G9-G24.
20. Ziegel ER, Lemeshow S, Hosmer D, Klar J, Luanga S. Adequacy of sample size in health studies. J Health Stud. 1990;23:123-34. Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123475116 [Last accessed on 20 May 2026].
22. Curnow E, Carpenter JR, Heron JE, et al. Multiple imputation of missing data under missing at random: compatible imputation models are not sufficient to avoid bias if they are mis-specified. J Clin Epidemiol. 2023;160:100-9.
23. Karuppasamy S, Premkumar PS, Mohan VR. Handling missing outcomes in time-to-event analyses in randomised controlled trials: a scoping review with a focus on multiple imputation. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2025;25:220.
24. Feeney T, Hartwig FP, Davies NM. How to use directed acyclic graphs: guide for clinical researchers. BMJ. 2025;388:e078226.
25. Ellison G, Rhoma H. Directed acyclic graphs as conceptual and analytical tools in applied and theoretical epidemiology: advances, setbacks and future possibilities. Math Biosci Eng. 2025;22:1280-306.
26. Quach NE, Yang K, Chen R, et al. Post‐hoc power analysis: a conceptually valid approach for power based on observed study data. Gen Psychiatry. 2022;35:e100764.
27. Lorusso R, Centofanti P, Gelsomino S, et al. Venoarterial Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute fulminant myocarditis in adult patients: a 5-year multi-institutional experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;101:919-26.
28. Asaumi Y, Yasuda S, Morii I, et al. Favourable clinical outcome in patients with cardiogenic shock due to fulminant myocarditis supported by percutaneous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:2185-92.
29. Jain L, Kaur D, Khalil S, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in acute viral myocarditis in children: a systematic review. Indian Pediatr. 2025;62:56-62.
30. Ji M, Jiang L, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Zuo H. Novel insights into short-term troponin remeasurement and long-term cardiac function and structure following fulminant myocarditis. IJC Heart Vasc. 2025;60:101759.
31. Li G, Li Z, Li F, Jiang J. Predictors of long-term adverse course in acute myocarditis: a multicentre cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2026;33:774-87.
32. Wang W, Jia H, Hua X, Song J. New insights gained from cellular landscape changes in myocarditis and inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Heart Fail Rev. 2024;29:883907.
33. Shyam-sundar V, Slabaugh G, Mohiddin SA, Petersen SE, Aung N. Clinical features, myocardial injury and systolic impairment in acute myocarditis. Open Heart. 2024;11:e002901.
34. Horwich TB, Patel J, Maclellan WR, Fonarow GC. Cardiac troponin I is associated with impaired hemodynamics, progressive left ventricular dysfunction, and increased mortality rates in advanced heart failure. Circulation. 2003;108:833-8.
35. Ammann P, Naegeli B, Schuiki E, et al. Long-term outcome of acute myocarditis is independent of cardiac enzyme release. Int J Cardiol. 2003;89:217-22.
36. Cooper LT, Baughman KL, Feldman AM, et al. The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:3076-93.
37. Huang F, Ammirati E, Ponnaiah M, et al. ; for the FULLMOON Study Group. Fulminant myocarditis proven by early biopsy and outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:5110-24.





