fig2

Figure 2. Quantification and characterization of EAT. (A) Echocardiography serves as a quantitative tool for measuring EAT thickness; (B) CMR can measure both EAT thickness and volume; (C) CCT is capable of measuring EAT thickness, volume, and density; (D) PET/CT quantitatively assesses EAT volume and inflammatory activity; (E) FAI reflects the intensity of coronary artery inflammation by measuring PCAT attenuation; (F) AI-based methods enable automated segmentation and quantification of EAT volume and attenuation/density. Blue boxes indicate advantages, and pink boxes indicate disadvantages. Figure 2A is adapted from Vianello et al.^[94], and Figure 2F is adapted from Miller et al.^[12]. Both Figure 2A and F are licensed under CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Figure 2B-E show patients from Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Patient consent was obtained for the use of this image, and all personally identifiable information has been removed. AI: Artificial intelligence; CCT: cardiac computed tomography; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance; EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; FAI: fat attenuation index; PET: positron emission tomography; PCAT: peri-coronary adipose tissue; CT: computed tomography.