fig6

Figure 6. Regulation of lipophagy in VSMCs. SCD1 activates the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor TFEB, thereby enhancing lysosomal biogenesis and ultimately increasing lipophagy. Moderate oxLDL concentrations (10-40 μg/mL) enhanced VSMC lipophagic capacity, whereas high concentrations suppressed the lipophagy process. Lipophagy in VSMCs is inhibited through the activation of the PARP1/PI3K/AKT and the inhibition of the TRPV1/AMPK signaling. LAL: Lysosomal acid lipase; TFEB: transcription factor EB; VSMCs: vascular smooth muscle cells; OxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; SCD1: stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1; PARP1: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT: protein kinase B.