fig3

From: Beyond high thermovoltage: toward sustained and reliable energy conversion in ionic thermoelectric gels

Figure 3. Environmental reliability strategies for ionic thermoelectric gels. (A) Key reliability considerations for practical operation, including wide-temperature stability, encapsulation reliability, moisture retention and antifreezing, and interfacial adhesion; (B) Wide-temperature thermogalvanic ionogel integrated with a radiative cooling layer (RCL) and a black encapsulation layer (BEL) for passive temperature-gradient generation and all-weather power generation (reproduced with permission from Ref.^[23]. Copyright 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (C) Ternary nanocellulose hydrogel thermocell containing Fe(CN)₆^3-/^4-, GdmCl, and LiCl with enhanced moisture retention, freeze tolerance, and mechanical robustness through electrolyte regulation (reproduced with permission from Ref.^[24]. Copyright 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH); (D) Gelatin/glycerol thermogalvanic hydrogel with temperature-responsive adhesion (reproduced with permission from Ref.^[25]. Copyright 2024 The Royal Society of Chemistry).