fig4
Figure 4. Triboiontronic logic control via dynamic regulation of asymmetric EDLs in coupled TING architectures. (A and B) Comparison of VOC and ISC outputs generated by TINGs using freshly prepared and prewetted top Au/FEP hybrid films. Freshly prepared Au/FEP films establish asymmetric EDLs with strong ionic concentration gradients, whereas prewetted Au/FEP films reduce EDL asymmetry and suppress directional ionic migration. The output values obtained using freshly prepared Au/FEP hybrid films are identical to those presented in Supplementary Figure 15 (0.15 V) and Figure 3H (29.6 μA), where they were used to demonstrate the effect of triboelectrically induced ion polarization on TING performance. Here, these data are reused to analyze asymmetric EDL-driven directional ionic migration and establish the mechanism of triboiontronic logic control; (C) Stable VOC output generated under open-circuit conditions by dynamically maintained asymmetric EDLs within TINGs; (D) A freshly prepared Au/FEP hybrid film dynamically forms asymmetric EDLs upon contact with the water droplet, producing a stable high-VOC output state defined as logic input “1”; (E) A prewetted Au/FEP hybrid film with a pre-established EDL reduces the asymmetry between coupled EDLs, producing a stable low-VOC output state defined as logic input “0”; (F) Schematic illustration of coupled TING architectures interconnected through different circuit configurations for realizing programmable triboiontronic logic operations; (G-I) Schematic illustration of biological neural signal integration behaviors, where excitatory and inhibitory synaptic coupling enables logic-like computational functions analogous to OR, AND, and NOR [Created in BioRender. Li, X. (2026) https://BioRender.com/dl2vb37]; (J-L) Representative triboiontronic logic gate operations, including OR, AND, and NOR gates. FEP: Fluorinated ethylene propylene; EDL: electrical double layer; TING: triboiontronic nanogenerator; VOC: open-circuit voltage; ISC: short-circuit current.
