REFERENCES
2. Wang, T.; Wang, M.; Wang, J.; et al. A chemically mediated artificial neuron. Nat. Electron. 2022, 5, 586-95.
3. Chantranupong, L.; Beron, C. C.; Zimmer, J. A.; Wen, M. J.; Wang, W.; Sabatini, B. L. Dopamine and glutamate regulate striatal acetylcholine in decision-making. Nature 2023, 621, 577-85.
4. Lei, D.; Zhang, Z.; Jiang, L. Bioinspired 2D nanofluidic membranes for energy applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2024, 53, 2300-25.
5. Yin, J.; Jia, P.; Ren, Z.; et al. Mechanically enhanced, environmentally stable, and bioinspired charge-gradient hydrogel membranes for efficient ion gradient power generation and linear self-powered sensing. Adv. Mater. 2025, 37, e2417944.
6. Qian, H.; Fan, H.; Peng, P.; et al. Biomimetic Janus MXene membrane with bidirectional ion permselectivity for enhanced osmotic effects and iontronic logic control. Sci. Adv. 2025, 11, eadx1184.
7. He, J.; Li, X.; Li, W.; Zhai, J.; Fan, X. Self-powered green hydrogen production via osmotic energy harvesting. Adv. Mater. 2026, 38, e14316.
8. Xiong, T.; Li, C.; He, X.; et al. Neuromorphic functions with a polyelectrolyte-confined fluidic memristor. Science 2023, 379, 156-61.
9. Arwani, R. T.; Tan, S. C. L.; Sundarapandi, A.; et al. Stretchable ionic-electronic bilayer hydrogel electronics enable in situ detection of solid-state epidermal biomarkers. Nat. Mater. 2024, 23, 1115-22.
10. Xin, J.; Gao, L.; Zhang, W.; et al. A thermogalvanic cell dressing for smart wound monitoring and accelerated healing. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2026, 10, 80-93.
11. Cheng, L.; Zhuang, Z.; Yin, M.; et al. A microenvironment-modulating dressing with proliferative degradants for the healing of diabetic wounds. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 9786.
12. Wang, Y.; Wustoni, S.; Surgailis, J.; Zhong, Y.; Koklu, A.; Inal, S. Designing organic mixed conductors for electrochemical transistor applications. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2024, 9, 249-65.
13. Isaksson, J.; Kjäll, P.; Nilsson, D.; Robinson, N. D.; Berggren, M.; Richter-Dahlfors, A. Electronic control of Ca2+ signalling in neuronal cells using an organic electronic ion pump. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 673-9.
14. Simon, D. T.; Kurup, S.; Larsson, K. C.; et al. Organic electronics for precise delivery of neurotransmitters to modulate mammalian sensory function. Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 742-6.
15. Jonsson, A.; Sjöström, T. A.; Tybrandt, K.; Berggren, M.; Simon, D. T. Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1601340.
16. Zhang, Y.; Riexinger, J.; Yang, X.; et al. A microscale soft ionic power source modulates neuronal network activity. Nature 2023, 620, 1001-6.
17. Chen, W.; Zhai, L.; Zhang, S.; et al. Cascade-heterogated biphasic gel iontronics for electronic-to-multi-ionic signal transmission. Science 2023, 382, 559-65.
18. Zhao, S.; Tseng, P.; Grasman, J.; et al. Programmable hydrogel ionic circuits for biologically matched electronic interfaces. Adv. Mater. 2018, 30, e1800598.
19. Uguz, I.; Proctor, C. M.; Curto, V. F.; et al. A microfluidic ion pump for in vivo drug delivery. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29,.
20. Kim, J. S.; Kim, J.; Lim, J. W.; et al. Implantable multi-cross-linked membrane-ionogel assembly for reversible non-faradaic neurostimulation. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 14706-17.
21. Proctor, C. M.; Slézia, A.; Kaszas, A.; et al. Electrophoretic drug delivery for seizure control. Sci. Adv. 2018, 4, eaau1291.
22. Ro, Y. G.; Na, S.; Kim, J.; et al. Iontronics: neuromorphic sensing and energy harvesting. ACS. Nano. 2025, 19, 24425-507.
23. Ro, Y. G.; Chang, Y.; Kim, J.; et al. Ionic-bionic interfaces: advancing iontronic strategies for bioelectronic sensing and therapy. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 2025, e13985.
24. Leng, Y.; Sun, R. Multifunctional biomedical devices with closed-loop systems for precision therapy. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2025, 14, e2500860.
25. Huang, X.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, Y.; et al. A skin-interfaced three-dimensional closed-loop sensing and therapeutic electronic wound bandage. Nat. Commun. 2025, 16, 5782.
26. Hardman, D.; Thuruthel, T. G.; Iida, F. Multimodal information structuring with single-layer soft skins and high-density electrical impedance tomography. Sci. Robot. 2025, 10, eadq2303.
27. Song, S.; Zhang, M.; Gong, X.; Shi, S.; Fang, J.; Wang, X. Advances in wearable sensors for health management: from advanced materials to intelligent systems. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025, e18767.
28. Liang, L.; Liu, X.; Li, P.; et al. A wearable multimodal health monitoring bracelet powered by high-power-density flexible thermoelectric generators. Device. 2025, 3, 100748.
29. Li, M.; Li, W.; Guan, Q.; et al. Sweat-resistant bioelectronic skin sensor. Device 2023, 1, 100006.
30. Gu, G.; Zhang, N.; Chen, C.; Xu, H.; Zhu, X. Soft robotics enables neuroprosthetic hand design. ACS. Nano. 2023, 17, 9661-72.
31. Dai, Y.; Wai, S.; Li, P.; et al. Soft hydrogel semiconductors with augmented biointeractive functions. Science 2024, 386, 431-9.
32. Yang, M.; Wang, L.; Liu, W.; et al. Highly-stable, injectable, conductive hydrogel for chronic neuromodulation. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7993.
33. Long, Z.; Qiu, X.; Chan, C. L. J.; et al. A neuromorphic bionic eye with filter-free color vision using hemispherical perovskite nanowire array retina. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 1972.
34. Lee, J.; Kwon, K.; Soltis, I.; et al. Intelligent upper-limb exoskeleton integrated with soft bioelectronics and deep learning for intention-driven augmentation. NPJ. Flex. Electron. 2024, 8, 11.
